Larsen and Toubro Case Study Essay

Organizational Development (OD) is a planned long term effort led and supported through the top management to improve an organization’s ability and to solve its own problems by continuously working together and on managing the culture using behavioural skills. Thus, there are some certain aspects worth discussing about which are- OD is a planned effort. It requires a lot of effort, patience, and faith and is time consuming. Secondly, OD usually uses outsiders. These ‘facilitators’ as they are called are process specialists and are involved in depth in this process. The pioneers of OD in India were Larsen and Toubro India (L&T). OD at L&T started by calling in 2 eminent professors- Dr Udai Pareek and Dr TV Rao to study the appraisal process at the company. The existing appraisal system had many faults and needed to be corrected. The difficult task started by the professors interviewing some bosses and subordinates from different departments (using Diagnosis or Action Research) and they got a very interesting feedback. Some of the aspects of the feedback were – juniors wanted to know how well they were doing on the job, but weren’t told; people wanted to know what the growth opportunities in the company were; the appraisal form was too lengthy; some bosses had too many subordinates to appraise, etc. After getting the feedback from the employees the professors gave a report to the top management about the actual problem. The appraisal system had to serve not just one but many purposes namely it should help people understand their strengths and weaknesses, their own progress on the job, how they can perform better, and how they could grow in the company. So the appraisal process had to address the issues of appraisal, potential, counselling, career development and training all in one! The top management after reviewing the report gave the go ahead and they did two main things which were the most important which were bifurcating the Personnel department into personnel department and HRD department. This bifurcation was the first sign of ‘structural’ change. Secondly, a team of 6 senior managers was formed which would be responsible for implementing the changes required. The story continues when the 6 task force and the professors decided that the appraisal process had to involve the line managers personally, the performance goals must be set jointly by boss and junior and the appraisals must also involve feedback and counselling to people. Thus, they prepared a Performance Appraisal Manual by involving the departmental heads and other senior managers to analyze what kind of objectives could be set and then added such guidelines in the manual. To address the issue of feedback and counselling, the team identified around 29 senior line managers and some senior staff with a flair for public speaking. These selected people were put through a workshop on how to be good ‘Givers’ and ‘Receivers’ of feedback and then later conducted the same workshop for other employees at HQ and regional offices. Thus, the first workshop was a ‘Train the trainer’ workshop which was cascaded to the other employees. After putting in so much of effort now the management at L&T wanted to know whether the process was working for them or not. So again the professors interviewed some seniors and juniors about how the appraisals were going on. This time different views came into the picture – the goal setting was seen as time consuming, appraisal was becoming a numbers game, and was tending to become ritualistic. The HRD department was asked to conduct a survey (Participant Action Research). The survey also threw new light about the new appraisal process. The bosses now did involve their juniors in the goal setting and there was ‘healthy resolution’ of difficulties and there was a ‘high degree of trust’ between the seniors and juniors which led to ‘increased joint understanding about the job’. After receiving such a feedback, they again tried to simplify the appraisal form by adding the definitions of the attributes listed in the appraisal form. In addition, they held refresher courses in feedback skills for both ‘givers’ and ‘receivers’ of feedback. The facilitators felt that the appraisal system has stabilised when 80 to 85% of the appraisal forms were returned within six weeks of the target date. Also the HRD department started analyzing all the appraisal forms. The data from the analysis was used for listing high and low performers for a certain period; for finalising departmental developmental plans and for preparing the list of department wise employees and the training courses they needed. The above mentioned process took L&T 8 years to complete and stabilise themselves. Thus, I can conclude that OD is a long term process which requires a lot of patience, support from the top management and a vision to a bright future.

Death Penalty Mush Be Abolish in the United States

The death penalty must be abolished in the United States. Outline I. Death penalty must be abolished world A. Death penalty is the sentence of death for a person convicted of a capital offence, is currently used in 58 countries around the world, and is also legal sentence in 33  states. (Harrison, Tamony P2) B. Abolished to end the observance or effect. (www. merriam-webster. com) C. Preview 1. Background information of death penalty 2. Arguments between death penalty and human rights 3. Death penalty mistakes 4. Government financial burden of death penalty. 5. All I Can See proofII. Background information of death penalty A. History of death penalty B. Current debates on death penalty III. Arguments between death penalty and human rights A. The human rights organization opposes death penalty because of the inhumanity of this punishment 1. Human rights omissions 2. Moral issue B. The death penalty deprives criminal’s human of rights. The death penalty is against religionâ₠¬â„¢s principle of Buddhism. IV. The mistakes of the death penalty Death penalty cause innocent people after the execution. B. Unfairness of death penalty. 1. Race bias in the death penalty . Gender discrimination in the death penalty V. Government financial burden on the death penalty A. The death penalty costs are larger Government pays for the bill of execution of death penalty VI. All I can see part Brown land is a dead land; it referred to the influence of death penalty. VII. Death penalty must be forbidden in the world The death penalty must be abolished in the United States. â€Å"The death penalty, the sentence of death for a person convicted of a capital offence, is currently used in 58 countries around the world, and is also legal sentence in 33  states. Harrison, Tamony. P. 2)  Ã‚  One hundred and thirty nine countries in the world have abolished the death penalty under their systems of law. Clearly, the majority of the world already understands that the death penalt y must be abolished. This paper will prove the necessity of abolishing the death penalty. For the purpose of this paper, death penalty is defined in accordance with Harrison and Tamony. Abolish is defined as the end to the observance or effect of something (www. merriam-webster. com).Three main arguments will be put forward: the fact that the death penalty violates human rights, un-reversible errors have been and can be made in assigning the death penalty, and finally that it is a financial burden on the governments who still adhere to it. A literary proof based on the novel  All I Can See  will also be put forth to strengthen the case against the death penalty. In the seventeenth century, the death penalty was the major punishment to sentence criminals who committed capital crimes. In seventeen century, England government was authorized to hang criminals in public as a major punishment.However, the truth is the death penalty was not only used for the person who broke the law, i t was also used to eliminate political opponents. In Europe, before the modern prison system completed, the death penalty was used to sentence general criminals. During the time of Henry VIII, over 72,000 people are estimated to have been executed. During the year 1820 in Britain, about 160 crimes were punished by death, including crimes such as shoplifting, petty theft, stealing cattle, or cutting down trees in public place. ( Bedau.Hugo Adam, 3) Since World War II, the world set off a wave of abolishing the death penalty. According to information published by Amnesty International, 97 countries had abolished capital punishment altogether, 8 had done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 36 had not used it for at least 10 years or were under a moratorium. The other 57 retained the death penalty in active use. (Amnesty International, 10 June 2008. ) However, death penalty was always not use in heinous crimes. (See Table 1, Bedau.Hugo Adam, 7) Table 1: Capital c rime in the united states, by execution and number of jurisdiction, 1965 Type of offense| number of jurisdiction| Executions carried out between 1930 and 1965| Capitally punishable homicide| 44| Yes| Murder| 40| Yes| Other homicide| 20| Yes| kidnapping| 34| Yes| Treason| 21| No| Rape| 19| Yes| Carnal knowledge| 15| No| Armed robbery| 10| Yes| Perjury in a capital case| 10| No| Bombing| 7| No| Assault by a life-term prisoner| 5| Yes| Burglary| 4| Yes| Arson| 4| No| Train wrecking| 2| No| Train robbery| 2| No| Espionage| 2| Yes| Bank robbery | 2| Yes|Sabotage| 1| Yes| Desertion in wartime| 1| Yes| Other| 14| No| *source: Bedau 1982:9 From the table, it is clear that some non-homicide crimes still can be sentence to dead, such as assault by a life-term prisoner or bank robbery. On the contrary, other dangerous crimes are not to be used in the death penalty field, such as bombing and arson. In 1972, at the time of Supreme Court’s Furman, the majority of public tends to agree with the death penalty. The major reason for support of the death penalty was the serious violent offenders need to be executed in the interest of public safety.However, according to a Gallup poll, supporter for the death penalty dropped from 76 to 53, public started to against the death penalty. Since then, the world has the trend toward of abolishing the death penalty. The right to life is the most basic right for human beings. â€Å"The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights1 (ICCPR) prohibits the use of torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment to deprived criminal liberty, which is referred to the death penalty. (Mukherjee Amrita, 2) In the past, hanging was the common method of capital punishment.Other methods including, crucifixion, drowning, beating and burning. Now, even lethal injection is the capital punishment, but prisoners may have experienced torturous pain during their executions. In the United States, New Jersey is the only st ates that allows public to watch the whole process. In the thirty-six states, â€Å"the same three-drug sequence for lethal injections: sodium thiopental to render the condemned inmate unconscious; pancuronium bromide to paralyze the condemned inmate’s voluntary muscles; and potassium chloride to rapidly induce cardiac arrest and cause death. (Fellner, J and Tofte, 23) However, according to Hyman Rights Watch research, this three-sequence puts prisoners at a high risk situation if the drugs does not affect. Yet to change the drugs sequence, government still chooses the old method by follow the policy. Moreover, inmates placed and unusual circumstances (death penalty diminishes the humanity of everyone it touches. ) and death row inmates will cause criminal’s mental illness and mental disabilities. Similarly, the European Convention on Human (ECHR) also claims that â€Å"no one shall be subjected to torture or other inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment. (Mukh erjee Amrita, 5) Moreover, unusual circumstances and mental pressure may lead to innocent people committed made-up crime. Moreover, the state of Michigan was the one of the earliest governments in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1846. But still, there is a hot debate about if law says kill people is a crime, but government still using the death penalty to sentence criminals, it is also seen as a broken law behavior. The death penalty is a serious moral error. The two points approach to the death penalty morality are consequentialist and deontological.The consequentialist theory believes that the death penalty accord with the human moral principles because it prevent potential murder. Sometimes, the government uses â€Å"aggregate welfare† as an excuse to using the death penalty. The welfare is using death penalty to deter potential criminals in order to achieve the purpose for reducing crime. At the same time, no one can guarantee that government follows the â€Å" aggregate welfare† rule to using capital punishment. â€Å"The government authorizes its agents to inflict capital punishment, but does not authorize private parties to murder; indeed it forbids murder. † (Sunstein, Cass R. and Adrian Vermeule. 13) This is an obvious moral contradiction between what government allows itself to do and what is disallows its citizens to do. The public regards the government action as a moral standard, the decision government made influences public opinion. On the other hand, the deontologist’s supporters believe that any killing is against moral principle. Life-life tradeoff is the key of the moral issue. This method is best way â€Å"to the extent that a refusal to impose capital punishment yields a significant increase in the number of deaths of innocent people† instead of risk-risk tradeoff. Sunstein, Cass R. , and Adrian Vermeule. 6) Authorize private parties to murder; indeed it forbids murder. A survey from Gallup about Values and Beliefs in American moral views of social issues shows that in 2012, only 58 people saying the death penalty is morally acceptable, and this number down from 65% compare with 2011. The dramatic drop shows that along with the society development, more and more people are tends to against death penalty. Another important survey exposes in 2010, this survey is about public opinion of whether put murders in the death penalty or stay in the prison for life.Less than half (49%) chose the death penalty, while 46% chose life without parole. (gallup. com) not everybody agrees abolished the death penalty, but from the statics, most citizens support to abolish the capital punishment. â€Å"For some such consequentialists, killings are, under ordinary, circumstances, a violation of rights, and this point is highly relevant to any judgment, about killings. † (Sunstein, Cass R. , and Adrian Vermeule. 15) The death penalty is a cruel punishment that should be abolish to accord w ith public opinion. The death penalty is against the moral principle of Buddhism.Considering that Buddhist take most of proportion of the world's population, especially in Asian nations. ( Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 2) Compare to western religion, such as Christianity, the Buddhism focus on life meaning. The â€Å"Four Noble Truths† are the essential principle in Buddhism, first is† all life is characterized by suffering†; second, â€Å"ignorance, attachment, and anger cause human suffering†; third, the cause of suffering can be terminated; and the forth one is â€Å"suffering can be overcome through the â€Å"Noble Eightfold Path. These four rules is the basis of Buddhism morality, which decide what is good or bad. (Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 4-6). For the death penalty, the death row is obvious unacceptable for the Buddhist. Even death penalty been use to punish criminals, but before the execution, the longtime death ro w will cause criminals mental illness. In Buddhism principle, all the creatures are have life, and needs to be respect, the memory and imagination makes people different from animals. (Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. ) The Buddhist follows up the rules of do not killing while the government sentence prisoners to death. Buddhism monks avoid to use violence, but in death penalty, even drowning, hanging was exist in the past, but the death row and metal torture still counts as violence. â€Å"Buddhist doctrines hold nonviolence and compassion for all life in high regard(Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. 13) Because the death penalty disrespect life value, abolishing is necessary. Since the justice system is not mistake-free, so an error will leads to an innocent person being executed.Based on Michael J Berwanger article, â€Å"Death Is Different: Actual Innocence and Categorical Exclusion Claims under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act,†Ã‚   there are two types of innocence: â€Å"one claiming actual innocence of the underlying offense, and the other claiming innocence of the penalty. (Berwanger Michael J  Page 3) However, both types of innocent people can be sentenced in death. A study from Columbia University, release by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), Professor James Liebman says that â€Å"thousands of capital sentences that had been reviewed by courts in 34 states from 1973 to 1995.    There is a clear sign to show that justice system still have many mistakes. No one can guarantee the absolute justice. Moreover, Liebman also mentions that â€Å"†An astonishing 82 percent of death row inmates did not deserve to receive the death penalty,†Ã¢â‚¬  At last, he concludes that â€Å"‘One in twenty death row inmates are later found not guilty. ’† (ACLU. org) From the statics, it is clear there is no way to revise the death penalty mistake. Also, a survey from American Civi l Liberties Union shows that until February 2004, 113 inmates had been found innocent and released from death row. ACLU. org)  More than half of these have been released in the last 10 years. That means one person has been exonerated for every eight people executed. Yet for others who do not have a chance to release from death row are being executed. There have been over 1,000 people executed since 1976 also innocent. Hence, there is a list from a project of the University of the Michigan Law School and the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University School of Law about known exonerations in the United States ? to support that the death penalty must be abolished.The death penalty is racist and gender bias According to an article â€Å"Racial Discrimination in the Administration of the Death Penalty: The Experience of the United States Armed Forces (1984-2005),† the race bias in the death penalty directly impeded justice. As we know, racial discrimination is a historical issue since the 19th century, which year is the blooming period of slave trade. Hundreds of years later, the discrimination between different races still exists. A report released by the New Jersey Supreme Court  in 2001 mentions that the death penalty possible use as a primary punishment for crime murder a white victim.The report proves that the race influences the judicial fairness; the race cannot determine the crime. Furthermore, a survey from The U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ) says â€Å"Of the 18 prisoners currently on federal death row, 16 are either African-American, Hispanic or Asian. † The color of one’s skin determined the severity of the punishment. Ironically, 84% of victims in death penalty cases are white, although only 50% of murder victims are white. (ACLU. org)   It is ridiculous and unacceptable that the color of a defendant has great influence on  decision who receiving the death penalty.Besides that, the death penalty is also as sociated with gender discrimination. The female victim cases more likely leads defendant to sentence death than the male victim cases. (Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. 3) Although the society advocates gender equality, the current justice system clearly violates this principle. Moreover, another debate between female and male is â€Å"female homicide victims may be perceived as engaging in less disreputable or contributing conduct associated with their own victimization compared with male victims. † Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. ) Race and gender play significant roles in today’s judicial system instead of laws; it is inevitable that the country abolish the death penalty. The death penalty is a financial burden on the government. Before the defendant is sentenced to death, there are many appears and re-trails. Generally, even the little mistake will raise the outcome. In the article â€Å"Minority Practice, Major ity's Burden: The Death Penalty Today†, there is a static to shows that death cases may spend more money than expected, and the figure could be as high as 78%. (Liebman, James S. ; Clarke, Peter.Page 51 ) Moreover, the death penalty costs a significant more amount of money than keeping criminals life in prison without parole. A research from California says that â€Å"California taxpayers pay at least $117 million each year at the post-conviction level seeking execution of people currently on death row, or $175,000 per inmate per year. † (Minsker Natasha 3) These statics shows how expensive to execute criminals instead of keep them in prison for life. On the other hand, the costs of general prison is $59 million a year, it is much cheap compare with the costs of death penalty.In addition to that, â€Å"everyone involved in a death penalty case must be specially ‘qualified’ as capable and experienced, including the defense attorney, the judge and the jury. † (Minsker Natasha. 7) Which means the government must spend a large amount of money to hire qualified person to inspect every death penalty cases. In fact, a research from federal system reveals that â€Å"prosecution costs were 67 percent higher than defense costs in death penalty cases. The same study found that defense costs in death penalty cases were four times higher than in non-death penalty cases. † (Minsker Natasha. ) The government should use the higher cost of the death penalty money on other programs of public safety. In the novel  All I Can See, there are some literary proof to support that death penalty must be abolished. In brown land, the brown butterfly was sparkly sentenced to death but he was innocence, and the brown land was a death row. When the beautiful fragile butterfly came, and told the brown butterfly the scenery of green land, actually she offers hope, which like reprieve to the brown butterfly, but he refuse to took it because he thought the chance that can be removed from death row is very small. Don’t be silly, flowers can’t be red, all the flowers are blue. I have seen some of my land is green too, but positively flowers can only be blue. † (Bloom. 10) Similarly, the beautiful butterfly’s strong shadow can be seen as convicted crime, so the fish ask her to come down that she can get a reprieve. â€Å"A shadow†¦and that is not good at all†¦You must know, little one, it is not good to break the flow, and especially not by creating strong shadow. † (Bloom. 26) from those two scenarios, it is clear that the capital punishment will threaten innocent people to accept plea bargaining to avoid death.Moreover, the world of green land is flourishing because there is no death penalty, so the beautiful fragile butterfly has the rainbow color bespeckled wings, and the bee also live in the green land. In the contrast, the brown land is a dead land, just the brown butterfly live there and he does not want to leave this land under death penalty pressure. â€Å"Yes, I am from this land, but no, I have not traveled beyond my land, and here I see only me. † The death penalty caused great mental damages to criminals, and leads decay of the society. From the material shown, it is obvious that the death penalty must be abolished.The inhuman execution method is a cruel torture that deprives criminals of their basic human rights. There is no way to reverse existing injustices which have led directly to the death of innocent people, and such mistakes prove that the death penalty must be abolished. Moreover, race bias and gender discrimination still exists today. Furthermore, keeping inmates on death row costs a larger amount of money in government finance, so abolishing the death penalty is the most efficient way to help government to unload this financial burden.In addition to that, from analyzing the book All I Can See, we can clearly see that the pressure the de ath penalty caused innocent people death by analysis the journey of butterfly cross the ocean. In order to preserve the people's human rights and maintain the stability of the country, the death penalty must be abolished. Abolishing the death penalty is the only way to ensure justice and control criminal costs. Citation 1. Bedau. Hugo Adam. â€Å"The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. † Oxford University Press 1997. google book search. June 24 2012.June 24, 2012 2. Mukherjee, Amrita. â€Å"The Death Penalty as Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment. † Criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law, Dec2004, Vol. 68 Issue 6, p507-519, 13p. The ICCPR as a ‘Living Instrument': June 24, 2012 3. Fellner, J, and Tofte, S. â€Å"So long as they die: Lethal injections in the United States. † 2006, 65p.Criminal justice. June 24, 2012 4. Sunstein, Cass R, and Adrian Vermeule. â€Å"Is capital punishment morally required? † Acts, omissions, and lif e-life tradeoffs. †Ã‚  Stanford Law Review  Dec. 2005: 703+. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 10 July 2012 5. Alarid, Leanne Fiftal, and Wang Hsiao-Ming. â€Å"Mercy and Punishment: Buddhism and the Death Penalty. †Ã‚  Social Justice  28. 1 (2001): 231. Criminal Justice Collection. Web. 10 July 2012. < http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=b1ef5f32-9e10-4cae-b8a9-ab941ce370e8%40sessionmgr112&vid=1&hid=125&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja&AN=5376332 > 6. Berwanger, Michael J. â€Å"Death Is Different: Actual Innocence and Categorical Exclusion Claims Under The Antiterrorism And Effective Death Penalty Act.   New England Journal On Criminal ; Civil Confinement  38. 2 (2012): 307-337. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012. ( http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=606d7b0d-5e02-4b278512310e443c2da9%40sessionmgr115;vid=1;hid=127;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja;AN=77479856) *h ttp://www. law. umich. edu/special/exoneration/Pages/browse. aspx 7. Newell Richard, et al. â€Å"Racial Discrimination in The Administration Of The Death Penalty: The Experience Of The United States Armed Forces (1984-2005). â€Å"Journal Of Criminal Law ; Criminology  101. (2011): 1227-1335. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012. ( http://web. ebscohost. com. rlib. pace. edu/ehost/detail? sid=80aef264-f53f-4c62-8534-fd4b54d079f8%40sessionmgr112;vid=1;hid=127;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRl#db=cja;AN=73365192) 8. Marian Williams R, Demuth Stephen and Holcomb Jefferson E. â€Å"Understanding the Influence of Victim Gender in Death Penalty Cases: The Importance of Victim Race, Sex-Related Victimization, and Jury Decision Making. †Ã‚  Criminology  45. 4 (2007): 865-891. Criminal Justice Abstracts. Web. 10 July 2012.

Chapter 11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Chapter 11 - Essay Example There was a thin line between the author’s reasons and my reasons because the women rarely indulge in the physical activities because they might fear the risks that may come with the consequences of the act, there is also the barriers of costs to be incurred which is similar to one of the reasons of the authors and equally the chances of experiencing the risks. There were the theories that were chosen as the basis for the program which include; HBM meaning health belief model, SE (self-efficacy), and the SLT theory which means social learning theory. According to HBM, a person’s health related behavior depends on several factors like: the severity of the illness, the person’s susceptibility to the illness and the importance and the barriers to taking precautionary actions. The HBM theory was preferred by many researchers because it emphasizes on knowledge and perception which seemed appropriate to a population to which the health outcome of a preventive behavior. The SE theory is based on the misconceptions among Hispanics about the relationship between certain risk behaviors and the diseases given that mistaken belief can give a false discernment of the need for change. The SLT theory manifests the human behavior as interactive way between environmental, behavioral and personal factors (Slattery, pg.38). In the SLT theory, reinforcement, observational learning, self-control, behavioral capability and emotional coping responses together with SE are principal constructs in SLT. There are also other constructs like environmental factors which affect behavior. The factors can be particularly important for enhancing physical activities among Hispanic women for various reasons because the term environment refers to the social environment which is inclusive friends, family members and peers which is part of the Hispanic culture. This affects the

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Behavioural Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Management style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management style - Essay Example Tourism has been a main source of income for many countries. All such countries have set their strategies related to tourism. There are many factors which attract tourists. It includes attractive and beautiful sceneries, historical places and cultural attraction. But other things also influence the market flow of tourism including security, transports facilities in county and accommodation. If tourism business is well planned then it plays very important role in forming popularity of country and respectable image; plus it supports the country’s economy as well. That is why business tourism is an important factor to look upon. Therefore it should be well planned with good strategy. Tourist supply chain means all the people and factors which are involved in giving services and products to consumers (tourist). It involves all those services and factors which influence or run the business of tourism. Either they are direct or indirect they are the part of the supply chain. Private sector services are very important in tourism as they provide extra facilities to tourists and make the tourism plan complete. Private sectors are those sectors which are not run by the government. The main common services a private sector provides in tourism are such as tourist guides, travel agents, motels and accommodations, holiday packages and travel insurances. Government sectors are the main pillar of tourism business as it provides main base to the tourism of any country. They provide security, maintenance and care to tourist sites, make policies related to tourism and provide visa etc. Some government tourist sectors are national and regional tourist boards (NBTs and RBTs), tourist information centers (TIC), and visa and passport offices. Accommodation comes under both private and government sector programs as there are government funded motels and accommodations as well, which usually come under the national tourism schemes and other are private

Noise Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noise Pollution - Essay Example The management also should let their employees wear protection from noise to avoid hearing defect. Next is, they should have a specific noise peaks hours. Just like in the City of Bloomington, they imposed rules about noise control to take care the health and welfare of citizenry around its city. From parties to all amplified music are going to undergo with the noise control policy. If ever one breaks the policy will be subject to a 50 dollar fine or a charge of disorderly conduct. SITUATION B: Radon gas emits Alpha particles which may cause lung cancer if inhaled by an individual. Several friends of yours are purchasing a new home in an area where you understand that radon gas may be common. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas produced by the radioactive decay of the element radium. It usually enters a house or building through openings in the ground, and its presence increases the risk of lung cancer. I'll advice my friend to conduct a radon test in the place where they will purchase a new home. This procedure will enable them to be much informed the level of abundance of radon in the place. B... If the house tests below 4 pCi/L most experts agree that there is a relatively low probability of significant health risk at this low level of exposure. However, we recommend retesting the radon levels once you move in, to verify this low reading.

Household Food Waste in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Household Food Waste in the UK - Essay Example It aimed at giving a statistical representation of samples across Wales and England to come up with a determination of cost and mass of food waste. From July 2007, 2,715 households that were in a questionnaire that asked for background data that is socio-demographical, home composting, waste collection habits, recycling experiences and some perceptions towards UK waste food. After four weeks, waste from the municipality from 2138 households was put together, sorted, weighed and put into 13 groups of food (check Appendix B) and the categories of food stage (see Figure 2) Annual food waste mass for all homes in the UK was calculated through average mass by the type of household. That is, households shared, of singles, related adults and that one that is related to children. The researchers allocated cost with mass in grams according to a set mean price for all identified food items. The analysis was focused on cost and mass of waste that is avoidable. 6.7 million tonnes, which are equivalent to 14.5 billion Pounds or (18.8 billion Euros2) of food are always disposed of in the UK every year. This stands as a 20% representation of all domestic waste that is generated in the UK. For the reason of WRAP’s report, it was divided into three major categories: Products that are discarded but still within their dates at the day of sorting analysis, add up to at least 8.3% of food waste that is avoidable under which drinks, condiments, and confectionaries have the greatest portions. The top three items on the list of food that is wasted in % of mass are: The main difference between avoidable and total food waste in the vegetable category is caused by inedible parts and peelings (see Figure 4). Despite, potatoes turn out to be the food items that mostly appear in the vegetable category, which is ranked second in food waste that is avoidable after bakery.

Financial Regulation & Supervision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Regulation & Supervision - Essay Example These regulations not only protect the firms involved in online transactions but also the cardholders from being exploited by the online frauds. Such compliance requirements have posed new challenges as to how to minimize compliance costs and continuously monitor the security systems to stay ahead of web criminals. Nevertheless, the benefits seem to surpass the costs associated with these regulations. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Facts of the Case 5 Andrews’ Options with Bank 6 Advantages of PCI DSS Compliance Advisor 10 Conclusion 11 References 13 Bibliography 15 Introduction A few years back the fraud in payment cards was conducted by small time criminals who used to take the advantage of opportunities as they came along. However, today it has become a well organized crime where sensitive customer information is stolen and ruthlessly exploited, affecting millions of cardholders and retail businesses. Considering this the PCI DSS we re introduced. PCI refers to ‘Payment Card Industry’ and DSS to ‘Data Security Standard’ (Carpenter, 2010). ... ember 2006 for the management and development of PCI security standards to improve the payment account security in transaction process (PCI Compliance Guide, n.d.). PCI SSC was formed by major credit card brands like VISA, American Express, MasterCard, JCB and Discover (Kim and Solomon, 2010, p.395). These brands and their acquirers are responsible for the enforcement of compliance with the standards. All the merchant companies that process transmit and store the cardholder data should be PCI DSS compliant. There are three steps in adherence to the standards: 1. Assess: This involves identification of cardholder data, inventory of business processes and IT assets along with an analysis of vulnerability in the security system for potential cardholder data exposure. 2. Remediate: No to store cardholder data unless needed and fix the vulnerabilities identified in step 1. 3. Report: Compilation and submission of required validation records and compliance report to the acquiring bank and the payment card company (Hart et al, 2010, p.357). There are four merchant levels: Level 1: The level 1 merchant has aggregate annual online transactions of more than six million and has been subject to cardholder data breach or poses significant risk. They are required to have an onsite audit every year by Qualified Security Assessor and quarterly network security scan by Approved Scanning Vendor (Bradley, 2007, p.209). Level 2: The level 2 merchant has annual aggregate transaction between one million and six million. They should submit PCI DSS self assessment questionnaire on an annual basis and conduct network scans every three months by Approved Scanning Vendor. Level 3: The level 3 merchants have annual aggregate transactions between 20,000 and one million; therefore, they should PCI

Social media negative impact on teenagers Essay Example for Free

Social media negative impact on teenagers Essay Many types of social media display a ‘bad boy’ image which consists of addiction to substance abuse (drugs and alcohol), violence, emphasis on luxurious material possessions and lack of moral values. It is this ‘bad boy’ image that severely impacts the minds of teenagers. It is very common to find a video of a celebrity portraying a character that is addicted to substance abuse. For instance, Youtube is filled with plenty of music videos, movies and pictures that display celebrities with numerous addictions to substance abuse. Examples of such celebrities include, Nicolas Cage (alcohol addict) in the movie Leaving Las Vegas and Leonardo DiCaprio (drug addict) in the movie The Basketball Diaries. When a celebrity plays a fictional role of an addict, many teenagers pick up the addiction. Teenagers tend to think that such types of addictions are ‘cool’ as their icons engage in such addictions. In addition, social media portray a lot of violence that amuse teenagers. For instance, cp24.com shows videos and pictures of gangsters and thieves shedding blood of innocent people. In such situations, culprits are often seen settling problems through violence rather than through peace. Teenagers pick up on this depiction of brutality and think that it is better to solve a conflict through violence in order to gain a popular image in society. Also, social media is actively engaged in promoting exquisite materialistic goods. For instance, Facebook displays many pictures of celebrities endorsing expensive products. Examples of such endorsements include Michael Schumacher (Ferrari, Lamborghini) and Jessica Simpson (Gucci, Prada). Teenagers that look up to their icons come to the conclusion that in order to be popular one must acquire such luxurious goods. Moreover, social media places a great emphasis on acting immorally. For example, etonline.com shows real life situations of celebrities lying, stealing, and taking part in scandalous affairs. Teenagers are often taken into believing that such irresponsible acts are normal and expected to be followed. Thus, it is fairly evident that social media plays a vital role in exerting a strong negative influence on teenagers.

Essay on Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay Example for Free

Essay on Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay In many works by Shakespeare, single parents struggle with the difficulties their children have, such as Desdemona and her father in Othello, or Hermia and her father in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Issues between parent and child are evident in Hamlet, but the single parent is a mother, not a father. The poem Meditation at Elsinore by Elizabeth Coatsworth embodies the situation between characters, and has hidden morals within the prose. There are many morals and life lessons in Hamlet, one of which is the effects of poor parenting. In Hamlet, emotional suppression and lack of parenting lead to the downfall of Gertrude, and her son Hamlet. Proper parenting can be defined as caring for children and providing them with shelter, emotional security, food, education, and safety so that they can become successful adults. Gertrude may have had involvement in her husbands murder, and this as such, would qualify her as a poor parent. Her failure to respect Hamlets emotions, provide emotional security for her son, and engender mutual trust confirms her as an unfit parent. This behaviour by Gertrude caused Hamlet to be suspicious, and it was his suspicion that brought about his and his mothers death. When King Hamlet died, Gertrude quickly remarries Hamlets uncle, Claudius, and the timing of this union is detrimental to the relationship with her son, eliminating all respect Hamlet had for his mother. Gertrude realizes that her swift remarriage has greatly affected her son, and doubt[s] [that] it is no other but the main: / His fathers death and our o erhasty marriage (Hamlet, 2.2.57). She realizes the cause for Hamlets new found insanity, but does not react to the situation as a responsible parent would. Hamlet, being witty and quick, refers to his new parents as his uncle-father and aunt-mother (2.2.362) when talking to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. This demonstrates that Hamlet has lost respect for both his mother and his uncle. Hamlet tells Horatio that the funeral baked meats / Did coldly furnish forth the marriage tables (1.2.180) when asked about the funeral. In a respectful relationship, a mother would have confided in her son before making the choice to remarry. Hamlet grieves for his lost father, but Gertrude seems more interested in spying on him. This causes Hamlet to become suspicious. When Gertrudes husband died, she did not mourn his death and she did not  provide emotional security for her son, in the way mothers are supposed to console their children and support them through the tough times by helping them grieve. Gertrude is annoyed by Hamlets depression, and tells him to stop seek[ing] for [his] noble father in the dust (1.2.70). Instead of comforting Hamlet, she tells him that all that lives must die, passing through nature to eternity (1.2.72). She is telling Hamlet to stop weeping over the past, and to move on, when Hamlet misses his father and wants him to return so badly that Hamlet contemplates suicide so that he can be with his father in the next life. Hamlet obviously notices his mothers lack of grieving, and states to himself that a beast that wants discourse of reason would have mourned longer! (1.2.150). Hamlet notices that an animal would mourn longer over a dead loved one than his mother did with King Hamlet. This demonstrates that he recognizes the lack of communication between them, and that communication between child and parent is an important part of a healthy relationship. Hamlet is left with no one else, and one by one his loves [betray] his love (Coatsworth, 7). Helping a child grieve and showing empathy for his feelings is the role of a parent. Gertrude failed in this role as Hamlets mother and further exposes herself to his scrutiny. Gertrude sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on her son, demonstrating that she does not trust Hamlet. Trust is absolutely key to a healthy relationship between mother and son, and can be attributed to proper parenting. Without trust, there is no true love, there is no relationship, and as a result, there is no happiness. Gertrude tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to instantly visit my too much changed son (Hamlet, 2.2.35). She wants to know what Hamlet is doing, whether to cure her curiosity or to simply know what he is plotting. Even if this act was committed out of love, the proper parenting approach would be to ask her son instead of spying on, and to talk with him in a mature, sympathetic and respectful manner. When she does talk to him, she agrees with his antics and asks him what shall she do (3.4.184), but when he is gone, she says that he is as mad as the sea and wind when both contend which is the mightier (4.1.7). Hamlet realizes that his own mother does not trust him-nor does he trust her- and that his boon companions came as spies (Coatsworth, 12), not friends. This leaves him feeling abandoned and alone as the relationship with his mother, the only  parent he has left, has been damaged. Although Hamlets death is not directly caused by Gertrudes early remarriage, failure to help her son mourn, lack of trust and mutual respect, and the suspicion aroused by these acts lead to his demise. If Gertrude had paid more attention to Hamlet, and not to her own personal affairs, Hamlet may not have been suspicious. Things may not have been so rotten in the state of Denmark (Hamlet, 1.4.94). Gertrudes failure to parent Hamlet and convince him that everything is well leads to a downward spiral which results in the death of many. Gertrude dies a painful death, and only wishes that she would have had an opportunity to say good night [to her] sweet prince (Coatsworth, 20). Children will always push the limits with their parents, seeing what will make them give in, or what will make them explode with anger. Every child has does it, and every parent deals with it. It is part of life, but in the end, proper parenting will prevail, and the children will grow up knowing that they may have their own children. This is evident in Hamlet, by Shakespeare, and Meditation at Elsinore by Elizabeth Coatsworth. Hamlet will never have children, because of Gertrudes failure to properly parent, which eventually leads to the demise of both mother and son. This failure could be prevented, but many factors end up swaying the final decision, and Gertrude is the reason for the demise of both Hamlet and Gertrude. Women are twice as likely as men to suffer from depression. This is because of the high levels of hormones during periods such as birthing a child and menopause. The latter of the two is the reason for Gertrudes depression, and specifically leads to a failure in parenting. That is why Gertrude hurried with most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets (Hamlet, 1.2.157). This horrendous act committed by Gertrude can be classified as a failure in parenting. Gertrude forces her son to live with the reality that his uncle has become his father, which, on her part is a thoughtless and impetuous act. With the loss of her husband, it would be proper for Gertrude to fully mourn her deceased husband. Before remarrying, a mother should join with her son in the grieving process, to show that the  father in the family would be missed. The ten stages of grieving ensure that a person can accept and affirm reality, a stage that Gertrude achieves far too quickly. She skips a few steps on the way, and knows that Hamlets rash actions can be blamed on no other but the main: his fathers death and our oerhasty marriage (2.2.56). While some steps are missed, some are taken too far. Depression and loneliness is a stage Gertrude botches, as it is a stage where family members find communication difficult. Instead of moving on to the next stage, Gertrude lingers around loneliness and depression, which eventually brings her to marry Claudius. Gertrude does not erupt with emotions, or is never overcome with anger at anyone for the misfortune brought on old Hamlet. Ultimately, Gertrude reached the final step of the ten stages, but disregarded many rules on the way, resulting in poor communication between mother and son. Communication is essential to proper parenting, and this is where Gertrude failed. A lack of communication between mother and son can distance a relationship. To state that Gertrude has communication issues would be to grossly underestimate-she does not communicate at all. The love between mother and son had been established, but one by one [Hamlets] loves betrayed his love(Coatsworth 8). Instead of instantly jumping into marriage with a dead husbands brother, a parent must talk to their child about what their feelings are. Gertrude should have told Hamlet that she had a desire to find another man, so that Hamlet would have been prepared for what was coming. Gertrude sent Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to extract information from Hamlet, instead of talking to her son in person. In Gertrudes final seconds of her life she calls for her dear Hamlet (Hamlet, 5.2.314), the only person she really loves. Gertrude chooses to address her only son in her dying seconds, when the conversation should have taken place long before. All of the miscommunication leads to the demise of both Gertrude and Hamlet. On his deathbed, Hamlet knows that life will probably be better after death, as his biological father will not deceive him in heaven. Hamlets mother has left him with nothing, and even though Hamlet did not plan on dying, he wished that the Everlasting had not fixed his cannon gainst self-slaughter!(1.2.131-132)Depression, loneliness, improper grieving, and miscommunication lead to the failure of parenting. Hamlet was not crazy; he  was simply confused and misunderstood. Gertrudes selfish choices hurt Hamlet, and showed Hamlet that his mother no longer cared about the welfare of her son. If Gertrude had used proper parenting skills, things may not have been so rotten in the state of Denmark(1.4.94). Denmark would not have to say good night [to their] sweet prince (Coatsworth 20). Works Cited Coatsworth, Elizabeth. Meditation at Elsinore. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. John Crowther. New York: Spark Group, 2003.

A marketing plan to help Vinamilk organisation

A marketing plan to help Vinamilk organisation Vinamilk, one of top milk manufacturers in Vietnam, is specializing in manufacturing high quality products from core dairy products include liquid and powdered milk to value added dairy products such as condensed milk, cheese, yogurt and coffee The organisational objectives are to grow its market share in Vietnam as well as overseas countries. Hence, to expand market share in Australia, one of the large export markets of Vinamilk, this organisation has to develop a good marketing strategy for a product named Dielac Sure. This product, which is developed by Center for Nutrition Research and Product Development of Vinamilk, is good for older people and intolerant persons because it contains high protein and no lactose help to increase calcium absorption, digestion, advantageous bacteria and laxative, especially it is trusted to use as medicine. It is seen that there is a big opportunity for Vinamilk Company to sell the special product in this prosperous country, Australia with a highly developed economy and a diverse population, especially high demands of increasing number of older people on products good for their health and lifestyle. In addition, Vietnam and Australia are all members of World Trade Organisation (WTO), ASEAN Australian New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA) and Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), therefore, Australia government breaks down trade barriers by liberalizing international trade and investment rules to support Vietnamese traders who want to run their business in Australia. However, to limit risks as well as human and financial resources, Vinamilk would initially use exporting as the mode of entry in this target market. It appears many challenges for Vinamilk when exporting Dielac Ensure into Australia such as strong competition, different consumers needs and wants, strict regulation s and high products standardsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Conversely, Vinamilk can expand their international business once Dielac Ensure is accepted in Australia market, it can be also sold in New Zealand and other markets where have high demands about products. The purpose of this report is aim to increase the market share that Vinamilk organisation holding through introduction of Dielac Sure in the Australia market. This report, however, is prepared and based on assumption of Vinamilk, marketing strategy proposed in the report may change and it does not guarantee that it can achieve success in Australia. Structure of this report comprises of: Marketing environment Foreign market analysis Marketing strategy Marketing implementation Financials Evaluation and control procedures Through these analyses, Vinamilk will explore Australia market by this flexible marketing strategy with competitive prices and effective distribution channels, specially a product strategy. And it is expected that Vinamilks market share will be increased by 10 percent within two years when Dielac Sure is launched in Australia. This strategic marketing plan also recommends Vinamilk to apply SWOT analysis, Total Quality Management and Marketing Audit in evaluating and controlling marketing activities. These methods are very useful and efficient. Furthermore, Vinamilk should manage its employees, who play a vital role in marketing activities, in an effort to satisfy their demands and needs. If employees get high job satisfaction and a strong commitment to the organisation, employees will attempt in order to achieve the organisations goal and objectives. In addition, Vinamilk should focus on customers demands and wants first, and try to develop and maintain long term customer relationships. Finally, it is the international business, there are many risks for the organisation, it hence requires that Vinamilk should prepare careful exit strategies for the bad situation happen in the future. TABLE OF CONTENT I. INTRODUCTION Background Vietnam Dairy Product Joint Stock Company (Abbreviated Vinamilk) was founded in 1976 under the name of Southern Coffee Dairy Company with the initial capital only 100 billion VND. Going through 24 establishing and developing years, Vinamilk Corporation grows up and becomes a leading producer of dairy products in Vietnam, holding 75% of Vietnamese milk market as well as one of the top 100 strongest brands by the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade in 2006. (Vinamilk, 2010). At this time, VInamilk is manufacturing and trading many different product ranges including liquid and powdered milk, condensed milk, drinking and spoon yoghurt, ice cream, and cheese, coffeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Vinamilk commits that always satisfy customers with high-quality, safe, and diverse products, the best service and competitive prices. Besides strong domestic distribution with 183 distributing channels and 94,000 selling points throughout Vietnam, Vinamilk products are exported to many countries such as the Australia, United States, France, Canada, and Asia. Purpose of the report This report creates a marketing plan to help Vinamilk organisation, a Vietnamese brand to achieve a successful launch of Dielac Sure in Australian market, one of the potential markets for this product as well as for Vinamilk. However, the report has finished in a short time, there are many limitations in marketing research, customer analysis and the financial budget. The marketing strategy proposed to the organisation in this report may be changed in the future. II. FINDINGS Marketing environment 1.1 Cultural environment Today, Australian society is changing values and demographics. It results not only opportunities but also challenges to milk manufacturers, in particular to Vinamilk organisation. The increasing number of older Australian offers a big market segment for Dielac sure. Furthermore, this elderly population is trying to maintain active lifestyles as well as seeking solution to have healthy lifestyle. Australian people require products, which are good for their health and maintain quality of their sleep as well as quality of their life. It is apparently seen many Australian consumers now are looking for products friendly to the environment. There is a new tendency become Green consumer. They accept to spend more in purchasing products having eco friendly package as well as take an account of fair trade or environmental practices. (choice, 2009) The increasing of local supermarket, a huge supercenter is convenient for consumers purchase. They can buy Dielac Sure in anywhere at anytime. Besides, development of technology is playing a vital factor in supporting consumers purchase. Shopping online or buying at home through Internet or telephone is very convenient to busy consumers. Consumers are pay more trust on other peoples experiences and when decide buying purchase, they usually trend to buy brand, not buy products. 1.2 Economic Australia has a sustainable rate of economic growth with GDP per capita $38,500 in 2009 (ABS, 2009). It is slightly higher than that of the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and France representing the most populous countries. The economic crisis in 2008 affected the Australian economy by decreasing construction projects, housing turnover, including the serious decrease of commodity sales. The employment rate increased greatly. However, at the end of the fiscal year 2008, Australia still kept growing and gained the fastest pace 2.7% in 2009 (Economywatch, 2010). Australian is putting their confident in the economy due to continuously growing consumer price index. (ABS, 2010). The Australia Government is controlling consumer inflation on an average between two and three percent over business cycles by a responsible monetary policy. Consequently, the inflation is low at only 2.3% in March 2010 (ABS, 2010). In addition, with the sound and practical structure of financial regulations and institutions, Australia is seen as a potential investment destination for other countries. 1.3 Population Until now, population of Australia is over 22 million people with birth rate (12.47 births/1,000 population) is more than death rate 6.68 deaths/ 1000 population (ABS, 2010). Although it is the large country with the area over 7 million square kilometer, population of Australia is mainly concentrated in urban areas. This prosperous country has high GDP $997.2 billion (2009 est.) (CIA, 2010) and personal income per capita is high $19,213.50 per person  (Nation master, 2010) meanwhile inflation rate and unemployed rate is low, only 1.8% and 5.6% established 2009 (CIA, 2010). One element of Australias natural resource base is minerals. Other important natural resources involve forestry and fisheries, and together with agriculture, they contribute significantly to the Australian economy and Australias Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Since Australia purchases more goods and services from overseas than the value of goods and services it exports (ABARE, 2009a), export value of minerals hold approximately 7.7 per cent of GDP. Australia export value $160.5 billion is slightly less than import $4 million. Current account balance of Australia is -$29.89 billion (2009 est.) and ranking 182nd compared to the world. However, its exchange rate is so high 1.2894 AUD/ USD (2009). Goods enter Australia that be cleared by the Australian Customs Service and depending on the type and value of the goods or products, there may be costs involved, including clearance fees, customs duty, goods and services tax and other taxes. Especially, dairy products imported to Australia subject to Imported Food Control Act 1992. 1.4 Political and legal environment The Australian political environment is very stable. It has a lower rate of riots, terrorism and chaotic political dispute. Australia attracts new businesses by a strong, transparent corporate governmental system as well as low barriers to trade and investment. It is very easy to establish a new business in Australia. It only takes two days to complete the license. On 14 June 1990, an agreement on trade and economic co-operation between Australia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was signed. It creates opportunities for Vietnamese companies doing their businesses in Australia. (Australian Treaty Series, 2010) In spite of this, it is an important and compulsory aspect that any organization has to consider in order to operate business legally in Australia. Vinamilk is in charge of protecting intellectual property rights worldwide, ensuring to enforce state as well as federal rules and regulations. In addition to regulation by Australian Government, Vinamilk needs to follow a number of laws and regulations, including the following: Trademarks: the logo or symbol represents for the company. Vinamilk has also registered the trademark in 79 countries including Australia in 1999. Patents: an exclusive right granted by a government to manufacture or use an invention during a specific period of time. Vinamilk can register its patent for this product that is safe for users and use as medicine for feeding . Copyright: The right of protecting the authors original products against illegal usage from plagiarism. Trade secret: used to prevent leaking secret traditional method. For instance, the secret of manufacturing natural latex rubber Dielac Sure of Vinamilk Company. Foreign market analysis 2.1 Describe market 2.1.1 Australian dairy industry 2.1.1.1 Overview The Australian dairy industry is Australias largest processed food industry, and ranks in the top four of the nations rural industries. Australias climate and natural resources are favorable to dairying and allow production based on year-round pasture grazing. Australia has almost two million dairy cows, producing around 9 billion liters of milk each year. http://www.readyed.com.au/urls/dairy/dairy.html Over two-thirds of the 9.4 litres of milk produced in 2008-09 was produced in Victoria, 10 percent in new South Wales and 7 percent in Tasmania. Dairying occupies a relatively large proportion of the agricultural sector in Tasmania Just over half the milk produced in Australia during 2008-09 was consumed by the domestic market; the remainder being exported as either drinking milk or manufactured products. 4 www.dairyaustralia.com.au Milk Production Report, viewed 16 February 2010. 5 In 2007-08 the value of Tasmanias livestock products (which mainly includes wool, milk and eggs) was $413 million. Of this amount $275 million was the estimated value of farmgate milk production (approximately 67 per cent). Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics 1307.6 Tasmanian State and Regional Indicators, December 2009 www.abs.gov.au; and www.dairyaustralia.com.au, Dairy 2009 Situation and Outlook, June 2009, p. 82. 7 About half of the domestic consumption is as drinking milk, the remainder being used in the production of cheeses, butter, and milk powders. Dairy Australia, Dairy 2009: Situation and Outlook, June 2009, www.dairyaustralia.com.au. 2.1.1.2 Recent developments In 2008, Dairy Australia reported that the Australian dairy industry was enjoying the best world market conditions in decadesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ international dairy commodity prices rose to record levels through 2007, due to consistent strong demand and tight supplies, as well as the effects of exchange rates and cuts in export subsidies. This led to higher farm-gate milk prices for Australian dairy farmers- prices increasingly by more than 50 percent in southern region during 2007-08. Dairy Australia did note that despite the optimism, the industry still remain constrained by the high cost and limited availability of production inputs, uncertain climatic conditions and reducing herb numbers. Australian Dairy Industry in Focus 2008, p. 3. Higher farm-gate prices continued into the 2008-09 season until, following the global financial crisis, milk processors reduced the price paid to farmers sharply. Besides, Australian milk production declined year on year by 4.9 percent in the first four months of 2009-10 as a result of drought and low water allocations in the irrigation system, the low prices as well as reduced demand. Monthly milk production Source: Dairy Australia, www.dairyaustralia.com.au. 2.1.1.3 Competitors in market The manufacturing sector of the Australian dairy industry has become more concentrated since the first stages of deregulation in the late 1980s; the outcome being increased foreign ownership and a reduction market share of farmer owned cooperatives. The five major companies have increased their milk processing capacity from 50 percent to 75 percent of the market. In 1999, the five largest milk manufacturers in Australia were Murray Goulburn, Bonlac, Daisy Farmers Group (all three entities were cooperatives), National Foods Ltd and Pauls/ Parmalat. Today, Bonlac is owned by Fonterra, and the Dairy Farmers Group has been acquired by National Foods. Fonterra (20 percent), together with Murray Goulburn (the largest remaining farmer owned cooperative, supplying 37% percent of Australias milk) are the prominent market players in the manufacturing milk market 2.1.1.4 Distribution Milk sold through various channels including fast food outlets, supermarkets, independent grocers, corner stores, and service stations. However, the sale of milk through the supermarket channel has slowly been increasing; Dairy Australia noting a recent change in the behavior of two large chains- they have embarked on a marketing campaign encouraging consumers to make comparisons between their own generic branded milk with that of branded products. Dairy Australia comment that although this behavior is unlikely to affect the volume of dairy products consumed there may be an impact on the channel and value of dairy sales as consumers seek greater value in their purchases and move to generic labeled and price discounted branded products. 2.2 Market size (ok) Drinking milk sales by state (million litres) NSW VIC QLD SA WA TAS AUST 1979/80 531 437 249 127 119 41 1,504   1989/90 582 449 316 150 164 47 1,730 1999/00 597 440 383 185 190 48 1,933 2000/01 633 456 393 201 201 50 1,934 2001/02 626 460 403 185 200 50 1,924 2002/03 620 475 404 183 208 52 1,942 2003/04 627 476 418 196 212 52 1,981 2004/05 641 486 429 200 215 53 2,024 2005/06 660 499 444 192 216 50 2,061 2006/07 692 510 474 201 226 53 2,156 2007/08 682 524 499 205 237 55 2,202 2008/09(p) 696 533 510 208 241 56 2,244   Source: Milk processors and State Milk Authorities Australian milk consumption has been steadily shifting from regular to modified milk types, such as reduced and low fat milks, over a number of years. This trend reversed for a period during 2008, as consumers responded to rapidly increasing retail prices by switching to the relatively lower-prices regular full cream milks. The longer-term trend has returned during the most recent year. Drinking milk sales by  type (million litres) Regular Reduced Low  fat Flavored UHT Total 1989/90 1,257 322 111 40   1,730 1999/00 1,099 498 173 164 1,933 2000/01   1,094 415 95 165 165 1,934 2001/02 1,074 435 105 170 140 1,924 2002/03 1,055 440 120 174 153 1,942 2003/04 1,057 462 118 190 154 1,981 2004/05 1,063 492 116 199 154 2,024 2005/06 1,093 488 124 201 155 2,061 2006/07 1,107 530 125 213 181 2,156 2007/08 1,126 553 123 213 187 2,202 2008/09(p) 1,143 572 118 210 201 2,244   Source: Milk processors and State Milk Authorities http://www.dairyaustralia.com.au/Our-Dairy-Industry/Industry-Statistics/~/media/Documents/Our%20Dairy%20Industry/Latest%20Statistics/NationalMilkSalesAugust2010.ashx 2.3 Government participation http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[emailprotected]/90a12181d877a6a6ca2568b5007b861c/b006a83a9127b0f5ca256dea00053965!OpenDocument Nowadays, Australian dairy industry operate in a deregulated and open market which only government involve being in the food standards and food safety assurance systems and prices are affected by world situation. A look at the dairy industry of Australia prior to 1 July 2000 reveals an industry governed by two separate sectors, the regulated market/fresh milk sector and the non-regulated manufactured milk sector; six separate dairy industries, one in each state; and high levels of Australian Government assistance and complex state government regulatory intervention. Regulation came in two forms; state government support of the market/fresh milk sector and Australian Government support of the manufactured milk sector. In the 1980s and 1990s state governments had the responsibility of controlling price and milk quality, and for formulating policy for the market/fresh milk sector. Up until deregulation, dairy farmers selling their milk as market milk received a substantially higher farm gate price than the average price paid for manufactured milk, even though there was little distinction between the two products. Across Australia under this regulated market, a number of different schemes existed which allocated the large guaranteed price premium proportionally to all dairy farmers, encouraging farmers to produce more milk than would be produced under free-market conditions. State governments also engaged in establishing legislation that regulated interstate access to their market milk sectors. The manufactured milk sector on the other hand was characterized by open access, with products from this sector being traded freely within and between states. Although the manufactured milk sector was characterized by open access, it was not totally devoid of policies that distorted the market for dairy products. Up until July 2000, measures to support domestic prices, restrict imports, subsidize exports and restrict the production of substitutes were used. By the early- to mid-1990s it was clear a fall in the price of market milk, relative to manufactured milk, was required and price controls and supply quotas needed to be removed or substantially reduced. The Australian Government began phasing out market support in the dairy industry, in line with its commitments to wind down protection in the manufacturing industries and other areas of agriculture. The deregulation of fresh milk pricing from 1 July 2000 had a major affect on farm gate prices for fresh milk. In 2000, around 18% of Australias total milk production was consumed as fresh milk. Victorias proportion of fresh milk to total milk production was only 6% compared with much higher proportions (about 45%) in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia. Under regulation, all dairy farmers received a separate price for fresh and manufactured milk. After deregulation, most Victorian manufacturers offered dairy farmers a single, blended price for all milk, which reflected the emphasis of milk being used for manufacturing dairy products and the prices received from the exports of these dairy products in the rest of the world (Edwards 2001). The dairy industry today is fully deregulated, and every dairy farmers farm gate price for milk is now, due to natural forces of supply and demand, affected by world prices no matter where they live within Australia. Summary Conclusions about the Australia market In general, Australian milk production declined year on year and continue to fall in the future because of seasonal condition- drought and low water allocations in the Murray-Darling irrigation system, this thing will affect directly and make Australian milk price increase. Besides, the deregulation of milk pricing from 1 July 2000 had a major affect on milk price as well. It is not belong to government control and is affected by world prices. It is considered as one of the advantages if Vinamilk have the plan to enter this market. Marketing plan Vinamilk position itself as the prestige brand name with high quality products and service. To Dielac Sure, Vinamilk wants to target to the older customers by offering many benefits such as support immune system, balanced nutrition, rebuild muscles and strain, and maintain healthy weight From these benefits, Vinamilk is confident to compete with many strong milk brand names which were available in Australia for many years such as: Ensure of Abbott and Anlene of Fonterra. 3.1 Objectives Achieving a unit sales volume for the first year of 2,000 items. Total sales revenues of AUD $3,000,000 in the first year. Expected market share to be 5% in the first year. Aim for an average price of $1,500 per item. Expand consumer awareness of the Vinamilk brand name by 20%. 3.2 Product Dielac Sure is produced and developed by Center for Nutrition Research and Products Development of VINAMILK. And it also received The International Certificate in Food Safety and Hygiene HACCP. Moreover, this product has special nutrition with high protein and fat that: Supply energy and strengthen body in operating and growing. Recuperate patients health. Dielac Sure is available for feed patient through catheter (under the instruction of doctor or nutritionist) Ameliorate malnutrition. Suit for pregnancy and lactation women. Dielac Sure doesnt contain lactose and cholesterol; therefore it is the best choice for the elderly and lactose-intolerant persons. Dielac sure is packaged in a can weighed 400g and 1000g and labelled in English with full ingredients and careful directions. 3.3 Consumer buying behaviour 3.4 Communication media 3.5 Competitor analysis 3.6 Promotion mix Promotion includes four parts: public relation, advertising, personal selling and sales promotion. In terms of product life cycle, Dielac Sure is in the introduction stage in Australia market. Therefore, promotion requires heavy advertisings and public relations to build brand awareness and guide customers on products benefits. Vinamilk applies personal selling strategies to ensure distribution coverage and supply chain cooperation. Furthermore, Vinamilk should consider a sales promotion strategy, it is important for the company to encourage customers to have a trial on products; also trade sales promotion expedites distribution activities for the company. Advertising On television and radio The newspaper works and The Daily advertiser Billboards Public relation Sponsorship for charity events Direct telephone and send letters to collect customer database and invite them to join in a small party on Father Day and Mother Day. They are the days for families, which include a number of elders who are 40 and above. Personal selling Send business emails to some big retailers to introduce about our new products and increase the available distribution of products. Door to door selling activities will help promote the organisational prestige to customers. Sales promotion Buy 1 can Dielac Sure 1000g get 1free glass or cup. Loyalty program for instance, if customers buy enough 10 cans of Dielac Sure 1000g, they will receive one can 400g free. Encourage more consumers by holding an event one day examine free for older people. 3.7 Physical distribution 3.8 Channel of distribution Cooperating with the big supermarkets in Australia such as: Coles Woolworths Pharmacies 3.9 Price determination Can 400g: $10.90 Can 1000g: $ 21.50 Marketing implementation ACTIVITIES MONTH 1 MONTH 2 MONTH 3 MONTH 4 MONTH 5 MONTH 6 MONTH 7 MONTH 8 MONTH 9 MONTH 10 MONTH 11 MONTH 12 PIC I. Market analysis BN 1. Marketing research QH 2. Set a budget TT 3. Training staff BT II. Product activities NT 1. Finalize in development CT 2. Production runs MK IV. Distribution activities QM 1. Shipping to warehouses HN 2. Shipping to retail store GC 3. 5% quantity discount BV V. Promotion activities GE 1. Newspaper advertising EL 2. TV and radio advertising MP 3. Billboard advertising NATo get the success in doing this marketing strategy, Vinamilk will implement the first year of this marketing plan as follows 4. In store POS display LO 5. Sponsorship BT Direct telephone EL Send business e-mail SA Door to door activities CO Buy 1 get 1 Dielac Sure protection sheet PM Loyalty program PM 10% discount full pack HD Financial statements SALES FORECAST IN THE FIRST YEAR SALES FORECAST JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEP OCT NOV DEC UNIT SALES 100 150 300 280 250 500 600 400 350 380 500 550 UNIT PRICES (AUD) 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,500 SALES (AUD) 150,000 225,000 450,000 420,000 375,000 750,000 900,000 600,000 525,000 570,000 750,000 825,000 DIRECT UNIT COSTS 35% (AUD) 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 525 DIRECT COST OF SALES (AUD) 51,000 77,250 156,000 145,500 129,750 261,000 313,500 208,500 182,250 198,000 261,000 287,250 FINANCIAL BUDGET IN 1 YEAR MARKETING BUDGET 1ST QUARTER 2ND QUARTER 3RD QUARTER 4TH QUARTER YEAR TOTAL ADVERTISING Newspaper 1,259 1,684 1,593 1,748 6,284 Television 10,574 11,928 12,456 13,945 48,903 Bus station 584 673 894 721 2,872 Point of

Die Wiesse Rose :: essays research papers

Die Weisse Rose   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic I chose to write my essay about is, â€Å"Did any thing in this movie change your mind about Germany during the Hitler Regime? (Or Nazi years)† I would have to answer that question with a response that is not one hundred percent clear cut. On the one hand, I do not think so, because I already knew Hitler and the Nazi party were horrible people. They did do awful thing such as the concentration camps, taking over other countries and etc. What I did not know however, was that there was a lack supplies given to the German citizen to use. Another thing that I never knew was how closely the citizens were being watched by the Gestapo and other Hitler organizations. The movie did not change my mind to have sense of any sympathy for the Nazis, it did make me more disgusted with them and there behavior, if such a thing is possible. I feel the people of Germany did not all support him. In fact, I think most detested him and were just afraid to do anything a bout it and that is what made me change mind about Germany during that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off, the Nazi time was a dark and awful time in the history of the world itself. Those several years they had the power of Germany were most likely the grimmest days for the country. The movie had just shown what was already known. An example of this is in the scene where the Nazis were giving a lecture and the students were outraged. The students were so outraged that they begun to riot. The Nazis, in the movie, gave a speech that women should go to school and they also gave other derogatory and chauvinistic statements. They had many people killed who were suspected of treason. Even if the people were innocent and there was no conclusive evidence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondly, I learned more about the wrong-doings of the Hitler administration when I found out the lack of supplies allowed to the people and how they were so suspicious of everyone. In the film, the group needed more stamps, paper, etc. to get there flyers to places the flyers need to go to help the rebellion. The postal workers would have to report anyone who bought a lot of stamps their supervisor. Hans’s sister went in the morning, evening and night just to get the supplies.

Defining Leadership and Management Essay -- Leadership Management

This essay will focus on the meaning of leadership and management, why the two concepts are often used interchangeably and which one is the most relevant in the Tourism Industry. In order to answer these questions, it is necessary define the two terms providing evidences and arguments from different authors about the characteristics, roles, similarities and difference. In conclusion after look at all the different points of view, this essay will evaluate the importance of each term in the context of Airline and Airport Industry. The leadership is complex and can be defined in different ways. The term comes from the combination of two separated words leader and ship, and appeared in the early nineteenth century (Gill, 2006). Antonakis et all (2004) suggest that leadership can be interpreted the influence that one person has on other people behaviour or actions. One comes to think that leader is a person who is in control of a group or team in organisation, the leaders stimulate and motivate the team in order to give a grateful contribution to the organisation for achieve a better results. This is confirmed by Murphy (2004) who said that leader act as a guide, looking at individual behaviour, also they help organisation look after staff, they inspire and stimulate individual contribution on the development and success of the organisation. There are greater interest in know if the leadership is something nature, people born with, or is something that people need to learn. Support for this Adair (1997) suggests that normally the organisation expected that, a leader need to have certain basics qualities before became a leader, but also is something that people can learn from experience or training. There are certain qualit... ...lso most important managers or leaders need to be concerned on the importance related their communication with staff. A defence of this argument Gill (2006) suggest that â€Å"leadership and management can be approached in different ways based on different models of managing and leading†, but a good managers need to understood, exercise and appreciate the leadership responsibility that is expected of them. Works Cited †¢ Adair, J. (1997) Leadership skills. 1st ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD). †¢ Antonakis, J. Cianciolo, T. A and Sternberg, J.R. (2004)†¦. 1st ed. London: Sage Publication. †¢ Gill, R. (2006) Theory & Practice of Leadership. 1st ed. London: Sage Publication. †¢ Grillo, J. (2010) the difference between leadership and management [online] available at: http://www.leadershippost.com [accessed: 08/11/2012].

Humbert the Pedophile Essay -- Essays Papers

Humbert the Pedophile Lolita, the novel by Vladimir Nabokov, tells the story of Humbert Humbert, who is a perfect example of a pedophile. Although the character Humbert Humbert describes his feelings toward the twelve year old Lolita as love, in actuality, it is obsessive lust. Nabokov does an excellent job displaying the characteristics of pedophilia through this character. Reading Lolita makes us conscious of the need to be more aware that pedophilia is alive and well in our society today. In developing this point, I will examine pedophilia and its clinical characteristics as they relate to Humbert Humbert and our society. While America sits smugly in front of it's televisions and computers, somewhere a pedophile fantasizes about fondling and holding a beautiful child in his arms. According to David Finkelhor's research in A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse(43), pedophiles are adults, both male and female, who have a sexual preference toward prepubescent children (generally aged 13 or younger). It is important to realize that pedophilia does not always include child sexual abuse. The pedophile must act upon his desires before it is considered sexual abuse. Humbert, in fact, does act upon his urges by looking, fantasizing, and actually holding Lolita on his lap. In Aristos Bouius's essay, Pedophilia Versus Abuse, it is suggested that a real pedophile loves children and doesn't want to hurt them in any way, but rather wants a relationship with the child which can be an enjoyable and loving experience on both sides. Pedophiles often take on a parental role toward the child, and the child, craving love and attention, accepts the touching, holding or even the act of sex. Most likely, the child has never experienced "normal" par... ... 1970. 2) Briggs, Freda. From Victim to Offender. Australia, Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd. 1995 3) Finkelhor, David. A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Newbury Park, Sage Publications Inc. 1986. 4) Ferguson, Donna. The Assault on America's Children. Newport Beach, CA., Harbor House Publishers, Inc. 1994. 5) Bouius, Aristo J. Pedophilia Versus Abuse. Simplex. 1996. Http://www. Simplex.nl/users/aristos/engels.htm 6) Medinger, Alan P DSM-IV and Pedophilia: What Did the APA Do? 1995 Http://www.messiah.eduthpages/facstaff/chase/h/articles/regene ra/dsm.htm 7) Medinger, Alan P. Pedophilia No Longer a Disorder Psychiatric Association Decides. 1994. Http://www.messiah.eduthpages.facstaff/chase/h/articles/regene ra/dsm.htm 8) Pedophilia Symptoms Mental Health Net and CMHC Systems, 1995- 1997. Http://www/cmhc.com/disorders/sx63.htm Humbert the Pedophile Essay -- Essays Papers Humbert the Pedophile Lolita, the novel by Vladimir Nabokov, tells the story of Humbert Humbert, who is a perfect example of a pedophile. Although the character Humbert Humbert describes his feelings toward the twelve year old Lolita as love, in actuality, it is obsessive lust. Nabokov does an excellent job displaying the characteristics of pedophilia through this character. Reading Lolita makes us conscious of the need to be more aware that pedophilia is alive and well in our society today. In developing this point, I will examine pedophilia and its clinical characteristics as they relate to Humbert Humbert and our society. While America sits smugly in front of it's televisions and computers, somewhere a pedophile fantasizes about fondling and holding a beautiful child in his arms. According to David Finkelhor's research in A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse(43), pedophiles are adults, both male and female, who have a sexual preference toward prepubescent children (generally aged 13 or younger). It is important to realize that pedophilia does not always include child sexual abuse. The pedophile must act upon his desires before it is considered sexual abuse. Humbert, in fact, does act upon his urges by looking, fantasizing, and actually holding Lolita on his lap. In Aristos Bouius's essay, Pedophilia Versus Abuse, it is suggested that a real pedophile loves children and doesn't want to hurt them in any way, but rather wants a relationship with the child which can be an enjoyable and loving experience on both sides. Pedophiles often take on a parental role toward the child, and the child, craving love and attention, accepts the touching, holding or even the act of sex. Most likely, the child has never experienced "normal" par... ... 1970. 2) Briggs, Freda. From Victim to Offender. Australia, Allen & Unwin Pty Ltd. 1995 3) Finkelhor, David. A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse. Newbury Park, Sage Publications Inc. 1986. 4) Ferguson, Donna. The Assault on America's Children. Newport Beach, CA., Harbor House Publishers, Inc. 1994. 5) Bouius, Aristo J. Pedophilia Versus Abuse. Simplex. 1996. Http://www. Simplex.nl/users/aristos/engels.htm 6) Medinger, Alan P DSM-IV and Pedophilia: What Did the APA Do? 1995 Http://www.messiah.eduthpages/facstaff/chase/h/articles/regene ra/dsm.htm 7) Medinger, Alan P. Pedophilia No Longer a Disorder Psychiatric Association Decides. 1994. Http://www.messiah.eduthpages.facstaff/chase/h/articles/regene ra/dsm.htm 8) Pedophilia Symptoms Mental Health Net and CMHC Systems, 1995- 1997. Http://www/cmhc.com/disorders/sx63.htm

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk Essay

Demonstrate the persistence of Wordsworthian ideal of country folk, childhood and natural education in the two texts that you have chosen. Critical Essay by Rachel Gowland. Wordsworth, as a poet of the romantic era, had several themes, which contribute to this title. This essay will be looking at these themes and discovering whether they have any relevance in the texts studied. These are, the Secret Garden and Goodnight Mr Tom. The preference for rural life and its people was at the height of fashion at the time of Wordsworth. Social reformers such as Rousseau talked about the â€Å"noble savage† and the rustic idyll was an accepted theme for artistes and poets alike. While the social revolutions may have changed by the time the texts were written, the ideals are still continued to some degree. Wordsworth had many sympathies with the victims and vagrants that wandered in the cities and the countryside. Many of his short poems were portraits of simple rural people, intended to illustrate the nature of these folk and their basic wisdom. Poems such as Michael (1880) have the characters almost fused with their natural surroundings. In Michael, patience and tenderness are the key features of the old man’s character. There is strength and a â€Å"natural affinity to the hills and fields in which he lived and worked.† 1 The Secret garden is almost a glorification of rustic folk and their simple way of life. Mary Lennox first encounters Martha, who gives her glimpses of a simple life quite alien to her. â€Å"There’s twelve of us an’ my father only gets sixteen shilling a week. I can tell you my mothers put to it to get porridge for ’em all. They tumble about on th’ moor an’ play there all day an’ mother says th’ air of th’ moor fattens ’em.† (Page 32) 2 Through Martha, she begins to emerge from her egotistical former self. She starts to think about others rather than herself. â€Å"Thank you. She said it stiffly because she was not used to thanking people or noticing that they did things for her† (Page 71) 2 Martha appears a particularly content and dignified individual, who takes pride in her work and her family. She treats Mary as an equal in many ways and is amazed by Mary’s colonial pride. Martha’s plain good sense is treated with respect throughout the book and her dialogues with Mary often bring about great changes in her young charge’s attitudes. â€Å"It was not the custom that Mistress Mary should do anything but stand and allow herself to be dressed like a doll, but before she was ready for breakfast, she began to suspect that her life at Missthlewaite Manor would end by teaching her a number of things quite new to her.† (Page 32) 2 Martha’s is described as an â€Å"untrained Yorkshire rustic† who was not trained to be subservient and had no notion that she should be. In this way she becomes an emboldened character, who helps Mary to grow through her plain sense. Martha was obviously trained well by her mother who also is a rustic woman. She is almost the guiding hand in the background, helping Mary, and later Colin, to transform. Her wisdom shines through Martha and Dickon and all the principles held in family life. Hers is the good mother, the mother earth in Wordsworth’s poems. The respect for her and her kind shines through in the text as it does in the poems, through the voice of the narrator. She is again a considered equal in the narrator’s eyes to all who she comes into contact with. This makes it possible for her to contact Colin’s father and speak to him about his charges. † I sent for you today because Mrs Sowerby said I ought to see you. † (Page 112) 2 The idea of simple sense and country wisdom is proved right in the text. It is the uneducated, untrained folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness of Mary and Colin’s characters to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock these children from their past to an almost redemption. This celebration of rural life and the people can also be seen in Good night Mr Tom. The events that occur in Will’s life in the city are overcome by the calm everyday life of the country and its folk. The main character in Wills life is Tom who exudes this country wisdom and good sense. Will takes to heart Tom’s thoughts when persevering with a new task like learning to ride a bicycle. He could hear his Dad’s words over and over again in his head. † Takes yer time, everythin’ ‘as its own time†. (Page 291) 3 Tom guides Will through his life events, helping him to come to terms with all that life throws at him. This is in marked contrast to the ideas of the psychologist, Mr Stelton, whom they both encounter in the hospital when Will is rescued. Tom’s ideas of healing through fresh air, hard work and simple country life are in conflict with the ideas of analysis and treatment. Even the appearance of Tom as a gruff, solid but warm-hearted individual is different to the description of Mr Stelton. â€Å"Tom was well into his sixties, a healthy robust, stockily built man with a head of thick white hair.† (Page 10) 3 In contrast to â€Å"The man was going bald and the hair that remained was of a thin texture. His skin was as white and shiny as a cloistered nun. He gave Tom a bland smile.† (Page 217) 3 The psychologist’s educated ideas appear foolish in response to Tom’s good sense. As in The Secret Garden the figures of authority and city education are made to look ignorant in response to the wisdom of characters such as Mrs Sowerby and Tom. The characters in the village of Little Weirworld are full of warmth and sincerity, with a genuine sense of community that includes everyone in their midst. Their simple pleasures and way of life helps them maintain a sense of calm dignity and practical sense, even in time of crisis. When Mrs Hartridge received a telegram, it was with care and concern that the villagers arranged for someone to be there when she received it. This contrasts sharply with the lack of interest shown by the people in the district where Will originally came from. â€Å"She keeps herself to herself. Bit of a madam. Thinks she’s a bleedin’ saint if you’ll excooth me languid. She does night shifts so I don’t never see her. I live next door yer see. Mind you, I don’t arf hear some funny noises. Very funny.† (Page 203) 3 Tom is ridiculed by the city folk for his accent and intention, but they appear very flippant and foolish when the full story is uncovered. â€Å"I’d like to git my hands on that women†, the warden growled furiously. His pride had been shaken badly. It was embarrassing to have them think he didn’t know his job.† (Page 207) 3 Again, it is the simple country folk in the text who can see through the external ugliness and weakness to the beauty that lies beneath. And it is the country folk who unlock Will from his past. Wordsworth and his contemporaries, viewed childhood as a time of great innocence and joy. A time when new experiences are welcomed and emotions and senses are at there most responsive There was a time when meadow, grove and stream The earth and every common sight, To me did seem Apparelled in celestial light, The glory and freshness of a dream. (Line 1-5) 4 They viewed the child as a redeemer of the adult with their innocence and freedom of mind and spirit. In the Secret Garden, the children can be seen to hold the key to all wisdom. Martha plays an important part in helping Mary to grow into a whole human being. â€Å"He wouldn’t like me.† Said Mary in her stiff, cold little way. No-one does.† Marta looked reflective again. â€Å"How does tha’ like thyself?† (Page 61) 2 In the same way Mary then passes on her newfound wisdom to Colin and they both look to Dickon to expand their experience. It is Dickon who becomes the real redeemer. He exudes healthy childhood wholesomeness. â€Å"A boy was sitting under a tree, with his back against it. He was a funny looking boy about twelve. He looked very clean and his nose turned up and his cheeks were as red as poppies and never had Mistress Mary seen such round and such blue eyes in any boys face.† (Page 92) 2 He makes Colin believe that he can get well and walk. His positive calm attitude clears the gloom from Colin’s mind and he begins to believe in himself. â€Å"When tha’ stops bein’ afraid tha’lt stand on ’em,† Dickon said with renewed cheer. â€Å"An’ tha’lt stop bein’ afraid in a bit.† (Page 206) 2 Once Mary and Colin finally learn to become children again they can then redeem Colin’s father. He begins to wonder whether he can have a relationship with his son but has many doubts. Colin changes this by becoming a positive character that is not afraid of the future or his health any more. In this way he heals himself and also his father. â€Å"It seemed actually like the laughter of young things, the uncontrollable laughter of children who were trying not to be heard.† (Page 272) 2 And â€Å"He said it all so like a healthy boy-his face flushed, his words tumbling over each other in his eagerness- that Mr Craven’s shook with unbelieving joy.† (Page 274) 2 The child as a redeemer can also be seen as a theme in Good Night Mr Tom. Will looks at Tom through the eyes of a child and as such does not see the gruff exterior that the villagers have seen for the forty years since his wife died. Will brings memories of his wife flooding back but with them comes healing. â€Å"Tom stood behind him and stared over his head into the shop. He remembered how Rachel used to spin with delight in there.† (Page 57) 3 Tom learns how to socialise again through necessity and becomes a member of the village community once more. Mrs Fletcher looked steadily into his eyes. His forehead had lost its old furrowed look. The deep pitted wrinkles had softened outwards. Behind his scowling manner was a kindly old man and if it hadn’t been for the arrival of a rather insipid little boy, she might never have known, nor might anyone else for that matter.† (Page134) 3 He responds emotionally to Will in ways that have been closed off for a long time. â€Å"He called me Dad,† he whispered croakily into the darkness. † He called me Dad.† And although he felt overwhelmed with happiness, the tears ran silently down his face. † (Page 288) 3 In the same way, Will has his own redeemer in the shape of Zach, who teaches him to like himself and believe in his own abilities. As Martha and Dickon, Zach is a positive thinker who believes anything is possible. Will had lived all his life with criticism and blame, and Zach and Tom gave him back his self-esteem. â€Å"Willie almost dropped the clod of earth he was holding. No one had ever said they liked him. He’d always accepted that no one did. Even his mum said she only liked him when he was quiet and still. For her to like him he had to make himself invisible.† (Page 77) 3 In this way both Mary Lennox and Will are similar, in that they have to learn to love themselves before they can be loved in return or learn to respond to others around them. It seems clear that the theme of natural education is persistent in both texts. In the Secret Garden there is a distinct lack of formal education in all the children encountered. Mary had a series of governesses but learnt by her own volition, because she chose too. Her education almost begins again when she reaches Misstlethwaite Manor. Through Martha and Dickon she learns how to explore, imagine and play. She begins to discover the simple pleasures of play. â€Å"The skipping rope was a wonderful thing. She counted and skipped, and skipped and counted, until her cheeks were quite red, and she was more interested than she had ever been since she was born.† (Page 71) 2 At first alone and then with Colin she explores the garden and her curiosity and thirst for knowledge begins. The awakening of the garden itself mirrors her awakening. They learn through this almost holistic approach, that through the garden and nature they become physically, socially and emotionally aware. Again it is Dickon who inspires them with his positiveness and his knowledge. Dickon, has little formal education but has a wealth of knowledge which appears to be much more useful than the facts leant in a classroom. He is a pure Wordsworthian invention. â€Å"Do you understand everything birds say?† said Mary. â€Å"I think I do and they think I do,† he said. â€Å"I’ve lived on th’ moor with ’em so long. I’ve watched ’em break shell an’ come out an’ fledge an’ learn to fly ‘an begin to sing, till I think I’m one of ’em.† (Page 95) 2 His mind is unfettered and unspoilt by a formal education, especially one that almost encourages passive learning i.e., the vessels to be filled approach, over active exploration and discovery. Mary and later Colin learn to become independent and active thinkers. â€Å"Colin saw it all, watching each change as it took place. Every morning he was brought out and every hour of each day when it didn’t rain he spent in the garden. He would lie on the grass â€Å"watching things growing,† he said. â€Å"If you watched long enough you could see the buds unsheathe themselves.† (Page221) 2 This positive attitude to learning and education can also be seen in Goodnight Mr Tom. Will has a formal education, but has to grow in spirit to progress in the mind. Again it’s the positiveness of the people and surroundings that help him to a new confidence. â€Å"We’ll begin this evening,† he said sharply. â€Å"That do?† â€Å"Wot?† â€Å"Learnin’ to read and write. I’ll teach you to write yer own name for a beginnin’.† (Page 102) 3 His times of growth and change correspond to when he is with nature. He makes friends and begins to learn how to interact whilst picking blackberries. He becomes more relaxed and confident whilst on holiday by the sea. Again there is this almost holistic approach as Will improves physically, mentally and emotionally. He is able to express himself through art and then acting as his confidence grows. Finally through nature and physical expenditure he is able to come to terms with the grief and loss in his life. In both texts the children are changed by the country folk around them and the ideals and life that they uphold. These rustic folk become educators and healers through their wisdom and plain good sense. The children bloom through a newfound confidence and most importantly an acceptance of oneself. Once this happens they can then consciously and unconsciously redeem the adults around them. In these ways the Wordsworthian ideals are prevalent throughout the texts. Bibliography ENGLISH ROMANTIC VERSE;PENGUIN BOOKS;1986. FROM BLAKE TO BYRON; BORIS FORD; PENGUIN BOOKS; 1982. THE SECRET GARDEN; FRANCES HODGESON BURNETT; PENGUIN CLASSICS; 1995. GOODNIGHT MR TOM; MICHELLE MAGORIAN; PUFFIN BOOKS; 1981. ROMANTIC CRITICAL ESSAYS; DAVID BROMWICH; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1987. BEYOND ROMANTICISM; ROUTLEDGE; 1992. LITERATURE, EDUCATION AND ROMANTICISM; ALLAN RICHARDSON; CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS; 1984.