Behaviorism Essay -- Psychology, Pavlov, Thorndike

Behaviorism according to Craig & Dunn (2010, p.14), is defined as the view that the appropriate focus of psychology should be on observable behavior. in that location were several people that help contribute to the study of behaviorism however there are five that were key in pi integrityering what we know today Ivan Pavlov, Edward downwind Thorndike, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born September 14, 1849 in Ryazan, Russia. His father was a poor village priest, who wanted his son to become a priest as well. Pavlov had aforethought(ip) to become a priest until the age of 21, when he decided he was more interested in a scientific career, (Crain, 2011, p.180). For most of his career he was dedicated to physiological investigations, and in 1904 he won the Nobel Prize for his work on the digestive system. According to Ivan Pavlov.com (2003) the most important dates of his life included, 1907 when he was select Academician of the Russian Acad emy of Sciences, 1912 given an honorary doctorate at Cambridge University, and 1915 awarded the Order of the Legion of Honour at the recommendation of the Medical Academy of Paris. He died on February 27, 1936. Around the time that he turned 50 was when he started his work on the conditioned reflexes however for a while he could not decide whether to pursue the implications of his new discovery or to continue with his earlier research, after a long struggle with it, he began studying the conditioning help (Crain, 2011, pp.180-181). Pavlov coined the classical conditioning a type of learning in which an association is learned between an environmental event and the stimulus- reply reflex that follows (e.g., a salivary response when a person smells delicious food, even before t... ...es the influence of the social behavior of others on our learning, (Craig & Dunn, 2010, p.16). His most famous experiment was that of the Bobo doll, where he would bring forth three sets of children wat ch a video, where an adult would begin to beat on the doll and in the end one would get punished, one would get praised, and one would have nothing at all. Then those groups would get their own Bobo doll and he would watch to see if they would have the same aggressions that the adults showed. Some of the important multiplication of his life have been 1953 began teaching at Stanford University, 1974 served as the president of APA, 1980 received the APAs Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions, and 2004 Outstanding Lifetime Contributions to Psychology by the American Psychological Association, (Cherry, 2010). He is currently still alive and teaching at Stanford University.

The Subject of War in Poetry from Different Time Periods Essay

The Subject of War in poetry from Different Time PeriodsDulce e decorousness est by Wilfred Owen, Suicide In the Trenches by Siegfried Sassoon and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Tennyson.From studying the selection of texts (Poetry and Prose) what have youlearnt about the unalike focusing writers from different terminations dealwith the subject of contend.The ternion poems that I have chosen to talk about are Dulce e Decorumest by Wilfred Owen, Suicide In the Trenches by Siegfried Sassoonand The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Tennyson. I will lookat the three poems different opinions on war and how they compare andcontrast from each other. I will also vex into account the way thepoets background may of affected at that place views. The poets come from aclose time period entirely with different views Suicide In The Trenchesand Dulce e Decorum est are from the cosmea War One era and TheCharge of The Light Brigade general anatomy the Crimean War..Alfred Te nnyson, Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen all come fromdifferent backgrounds which alters the way they write, and the waythey put there opinions crosswise.Tennyson was a rich, public school student, proud of Britainsconquests around the world unless neer fought himself, so had no depressionperson experience of fighting. Owen contrasts to this as he didnthave a lot of riches and was no much then a common soldier. Sassoonwas an multitude officer but still was quit rich and never got the fulltaste of trench warfare during World War One. This shows straight awaythat the three writers were all brought up with different views andbackgrounds which would definitely affect the way they write.The way that Tennyson writes, is the way a man who has never... ... The Crimean War didnt changehistory, but still Britain suffered a terrible loss of men. Tennysonand the rest of Britain was not used to this, so Tennyson wrote aboutthe subject of war in a very imperative way.Owen and Sassoon exp erienced the great war and saw the terrible lossesfirst hand. They instead of showing how Britain was doing well, theywrote about how bulk were dying innocently. In the period Owen andSassoon were make-up in, Britain faced an uncertain future and Owensand Sassoons poem complement this aspect of life. They both try toget crossways the truth and reality in there poems. The World War Oneperiod made writers like Sassoon and Owen write in this style. UnlikeTennyson they put across all the negative aspects and stuck close tothe point. Although Britain won World War One writers from this periodwrote in a negative manner. The Subject of War in Poetry from Different Time Periods EssayThe Subject of War in Poetry from Different Time PeriodsDulce e Decorum est by Wilfred Owen, Suicide In the Trenches by Siegfried Sassoon and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Tennyson.From studying the selection of texts (Poetry and Prose) what have youlearnt about the different way wr iters from different periods dealwith the subject of war.The three poems that I have chosen to talk about are Dulce e Decorumest by Wilfred Owen, Suicide In the Trenches by Siegfried Sassoonand The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Tennyson. I will lookat the three poems different opinions on war and how they compare andcontrast from each other. I will also take into account the way thepoets background may of affected there views. The poets come from aclose time period but with different views Suicide In The Trenchesand Dulce e Decorum est are from the World War One era and TheCharge of The Light Brigade form the Crimean War..Alfred Tennyson, Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen all come fromdifferent backgrounds which alters the way they write, and the waythey put there opinions across.Tennyson was a rich, public school student, proud of Britainsconquests around the world but never fought himself, so had no firstperson experience of fighting. Owen contrasts to this as he didntha ve a lot of riches and was no more then a common soldier. Sassoonwas an army officer but still was quit rich and never got the fulltaste of trench warfare during World War One. This shows straight awaythat the three writers were all brought up with different views andbackgrounds which would definitely affect the way they write.The way that Tennyson writes, is the way a man who has never... ... The Crimean War didnt changehistory, but still Britain suffered a terrible loss of men. Tennysonand the rest of Britain was not used to this, so Tennyson wrote aboutthe subject of war in a very positive way.Owen and Sassoon experienced the great war and saw the terrible lossesfirst hand. They instead of showing how Britain was doing well, theywrote about how people were dying innocently. In the period Owen andSassoon were writing in, Britain faced an uncertain future and Owensand Sassoons poem complement this aspect of life. They both try toget across the truth and reality in there poems. The World War Oneperiod made writers like Sassoon and Owen write in this style. UnlikeTennyson they put across all the negative aspects and stuck close tothe point. Although Britain won World War One writers from this periodwrote in a negative manner.

Comparing Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau :: Compare Contrast Comparison

By acting civil but disobedient you atomic number 18 able to protest things you dontthink are fair, non-violently. Henry David Thoreau is one of the most importantliterary figures of the nineteenth century. Thoreau?s essay Civil Disobedience,which was written as a speech, has been used by many great thinkers such asMartin Luther King Jr. and Mahatma Ghandi as a map to fight against injustice.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a pastor that headed the Civil Rights movement.He was a gifted speaker and a powerful writer whose philosophy was non-violentbut direct action. Dr.King?s strategy was to generate sit-ins, boycotts, and marches.Dr. Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail was based on the principles ofThoreaus Civil Disobedience. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry DavidThoreau are exceptional persuasive writers. Even though both writers are writingon ways to be civil but disobedient, they have opposite ways of convicing you. Dr.King is religious, gentle and apologetic, focusing on what s good for the groupwhile Thoreau is in truth aggressive and assertive for his own personal hate againstthe government. Both Martin Luther King Jr. and Henry David Thoreau have the sameideas, but view them differently. Dr. King wants to in the end raise awareness andopen doors for the better of a group. Thoreau wants more individual rights forpeople. Dr. King is explaining his view of conscienceI submit that an individual who breaks a fairness that conscience tells him is unjust, and willingly accepts the penalty by staying in jail to arouse theconscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing thevery highest respect for the faithfulness (Martin Luther King, p. 521).This quote shows Dr. King?s opinion on going to jail. King knows that he wasunjustly put into jail. He accepts going to jail even though he was put in jailwrongly. The community then knows of the injustice and should pressure thegovernment. The other thing that happens is King is respecting the law by obeyingit. He is a peaceful man and wants justice, but believes in following the rulespeacefully to get the job done. Thoreau feels that conscience plays a morepersonal role.Can there non be a government in which majorities do not virtually decideright and wrong, but conscience?... Must the citizen ever for a moment, orin the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has everyman a conscience, then. I think that we should be men first, and subjectafterward (Henry David Thoreau, p.581). Thoreau is skeptical why majorities make the rules.

Comparing Two Seafood Restaurants :: comparison compare contrast essays

Comparing Two Seafood Restaurants   From a succulent fresh lobster tail to a mouth-watering red snapper filet, everyone loves some type of seafood. The residents of our city ar lucky, restaurants specializing in seafood are plentiful. Many locals consider Pappadeux and Joes Crab Shack to be the best. Although they twain serve wonderful, fresh seafood, the differences in the placard, the service, and the overall atmosphere set them apart from one another.   Pappadeux offers elegant, elaborate dishes on its menu, while the food described on the menu of Joes Crab Shack is the sort which tastes best when accompanied by an ice-cold beer and a large plate of french fries. For example, my favorite meal at Pappadeux consists of a flaky filet of red snapper blackened in hot Cajun spices and smothered in a rich Bearnaise sauce. It is then topped with lightly sauted retreat tails and mushrooms. Once this concoction touches the tongue, it simply melts. On the other hand , Joes Crab Shack has been made famous for its barbecued crabs. The cook begins by slowly grooming small dungeoness crabs in a large barbecue pit. Once the crabs have been seared to perfection, the cook tosses them on a large tray, and they are ready for presentation. The waiter then serves these divine crabs with a hammer, a bib, and a roll of paper towels. After pounding on the shell for tailfin minutes, the lucky diner discovers a piece of crab meat which, like the snapper filet, melts in the mouth.   Distinguishing each restaurant further is the service although it is impeccable at both Pappadeaux and Joes Crab Shack, the manner in which one is served varies greatly. When dining at the classy Pappadeux, each patron is greeted by an exquisitely dressed staff. The waitstaff is clad in black slacks, white tuxedo shirts, and classic bow ties, while the hostess dons an elegant dress. The staff greets each diner with the traditional maam and sir and treats her or h im with the last respect and dignity. In contrast, at the relaxed Joes Crab Shack the entire staff wears t-shirts and shorts or jeans and treats everyone as if they are life-long friends greeting patrons with Hey Hows it going?

Climate Change: The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay -- Global W

The roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of the world around us. These one-third spheres of information and bodily function are perpetually linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is oddly evident in the United States (US) (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). This paper attempts to briefly outline the portrayal and settlement of the debate on the existence of climate change within the three spheres of the sciences, the media, and politics.In the sports stadium of science, a well defined procedure exists to create scientific debate and controversy. The procedure begins with the scientific method, a generalized series of move used to lay in data and accept or reject hypotheses. It is important to note that the scientific method exists not only to prove ideas, but besides to disprove them and to continually build upon understandings. From data collection and interpretation of the results, a synthesis of the experiment and discoveries made are submitted for peer-review. The peer-review process is formal review from another(prenominal) professionals in the scientific community, and is used to attribute credibility and academic quality to an article prior to publishing (UVictoria). Legitimate arguments in the sciences are based on data and, preserve debate within the broader scientific community (Egger & Carpi, 2010). Thecontinued interest and skepticism in the scientific commun... ...Works Science HowStuffWorks, Inc. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. .Seymour, Julia A. U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on clime change. Reuters.com Article Worries U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on Cl imate Change. Media Research Center - Business & Media Institute, 07 July 2011. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. .What Does Peer-review Mean? UVic Library. University of Victoria, 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. .The Discovery of Global Warming. Introduction - Summary. American Institute of Physics, may 2010. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. . Climate Change The Sciences, the Media, and Politics Essay -- Global WThe roles of science, the media, and politics greatly influence public opinion and understanding of the world around us. These three spheres of information and action are invariably linked when discussing complex global issues like climate change. However, the presentation and resolution of disagreement within the three spheres is incredibly independent. The many ways that climate change, specifically the debate on the existence of climate change, is portrayed within these spheres can greatly affect public emotion, knowledge, and policy of such an issue. This is particularly evident in the United States (US) (Boykoff & Boykoff, 2007). This paper attempts to briefly outline the portrayal and settlement of the debate on the existence of climate change within the three spheres of the sciences, the media, and politics.In the field of science, a well defined procedure exists to create scientific debate and controversy. The procedure begins with the scientific method, a generalized series of steps used to collect data and accept or reject hypotheses. It is important to note that the scientific method exists not only to prove ideas, but also to disprove them and to continually build upon understandings. From data collection and interpretation of the results, a synthesis of the experiment and discoveries made are submitted for peer-review. The peer-review process is formal review from other professionals in the scientific community, and is used to attribute credibility and academic quality to an article prior to publishing (UVictoria). Legitimate arguments in the science s are based on data and, sustained debate within the broader scientific community (Egger & Carpi, 2010). Thecontinued interest and skepticism in the scientific commun... ...Works Science HowStuffWorks, Inc. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. .Seymour, Julia A. U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on Climate Change. Reuters.com Article Worries U.S., European Media Worlds Apart on Climate Change. Media Research Center - Business & Media Institute, 07 July 2011. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. .What Does Peer-review Mean? UVic Library. University of Victoria, 18 Mar. 2011. Web. 07 Nov. 2011. .The Discovery of Global Warming. Introduction - Summary. American Institute of Physics, May 2010. Web. 09 Nov. 2011. .

The Ineffectiveness of the Film Ratings System :: Movie Film Essays

John Small, a fourteen year old boy in Uptown St. Paul, proceeds into the Suburban World Cinema, nauseous to see Abel Ferraras Bad Lieutenant. He is equipped with a parental pull down, replete with the phone number where his parents can be reached to verify that they did indeed author the note should its authenticity be questioned. John pushes seven crumpled-up dollar bills and the folded note into the metal dugout under the box office window, only to be met with a tinny, chivalrous voice booming through the round silver speaker mounted on the window No children under seventeen allowed Sorry. This note isnt gonna cut it. The incidental exemplifies a pressing issue in the ever-topical discussion of the oft-vilified film rating classification dodging in our country. Is the movie rating system, originally designed to service parents in guiding the movie-going habits of their children, actually preempting parental choice? To at least some people, however, Jack Valenti, the man respo nsible for devising the Motion Picture experience of America and the National Association of Theatre Owners, is leading the effort, as editorialist James Wall put it, to protect children (1227). Valenti wrote, The voluntary Movie Rating governing body has one objective to issue advance cautionary warnings to parents so they can make their own decisions about what movies their children should or should not see. No one -- appointed, anointed, or elected -- ought to insert themselves into individual parental decisions (87). But the film classification system, designed to assist parents in making decisions about their offsprings film patronage, often thwarts that really purpose and, in the process, actually stifles the creativity and honesty of the film industry as well. Although Valenti and the Rating Systems advocates claim that parents should have the final choice in what their children view, the system may, in practice, obstruct that purpose for parents who decide that their chil dren should see some films. For films with the controversial NC-17 rating, the theatre is prevented from letting young John Small and his under-aged ilk from seeing a film despite his parents permission. In fact, had John actually been accompanied by his parents, the theatre would have had every right -- some would even say accountability -- to refuse his admission. The printing of the NC-17 rating often does not read -- as would be reasonable -- Intended for Adults Only but rather the more unfaltering Not to be Attended by Children Under Seventeen.

Why Athens Lost the Peloponessian War

They were beaten at all points and altogether all that they suffered was with child(p) they were destroyed as the saying is with total dying, their fleet, their army everything was destroyed and few out of some returned home. (Thucydides, Peloponnesian struggle, 481) The Sicilian military campaign of capital of Greece proven to be one of the most disastrous military campaigns in ancient times.The loss of thousands of soldiers and sailors, hundreds of vessels and vast amounts of gold from the treasury reduced tremendously the Athenian skill to wage war however, even in spite of such a loss, capital of Greece was still able to prolong the war for nine more age until the Spartans bruiseed capital of Greece in 404 B. C. The downfall of Athens came as a result of Spartan military operations, which destroyed the Athenian navy and cut finish Athens from the supply of grain from Ionia. The decisive battle at Aegospotami in 405 B. C type slew an end to the Athenian empire and Athe nian military power.There were m whatever reasons for the demise of Athens, ranging from bad leadership and preparation for war to a lack of overall strategic concept for conducting the war against Sparta and its assort. All of these reasons contri exclusivelyed to the downfall of Athens in the Peloponnesian War however, this paper will focus only on the adversity of Athens to execute Pericless strategy. Athens lost the Peloponnesian War because of a failure to follow the strategy of Pericles, which ultimately led to reckless expeditions, ill-advised war decisions and loss of allies.Pericles was an Athenian politician and general during the time when tensions surrounded by Sparta and Athens were rapidly escalating. The two city-states were constantly feuding over interests and were unable to compromise on several issues such as the siege of Potidaea, Megarian decree, and allowing Aegina become independent. This unwillingness of twain sides in turn, pushed the rival poleis into a war against each other, which marked the start of the first Peloponnesian War.Before the hostilities began, Pericles laid out a strategy before the council, which if Athens were to follow would lead to a favorable outcome over the Lacedaemonians. The principles of Pericles strategy centered on naval warfare, attrition and limited foreign engagements during the time of war. Pericles existence a wise strategist and a general k cutting the strengths and weaknesses of Athens and their opponents Lacedaemonians. Athens could not match the Spartan superiority in the hoplite warfare however, Athens was able-bodied of destroying Sparta by conducting raids from the sea on Spartan territory.The Athenian maritime fleet became one of the most powerful fleets in the ancient world after the castigate of Persia. The Athenian navy consisted of hundreds of ships and thousands of sailors who over the years gained experience and became second to none in their craft. Their familiarity with the sea a llowed Athens to sail anywhere and raise fortification against any enemy in their own land. Such an advantage over the seas prevented Athenian opponents from committing too some(prenominal) resources and soldiers against Athens because of the fear that Athens might strike bit they were on an expedition.Furthermore, the domination of the seas allowed Athens to become wealthy from trading with her allies and colonies. The money made abroad combined with the tributes from allies allowed Athens to acquire pith for prolonged wars. On the other hand, Sparta in the eyes of Pericles could not afford this luxury and had to fight shorter wars. Spartans personally engaged in the cultivation of their land, had no hush-hush or public funds, the Peloponnesians are withal without experience in long wars across the sea. (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 82) Pericles saw that Sparta can only gain land and money by battle, while Athens had plenty of islands where they received their resources from , which in turn did not require Athens to engage in many battles. In addition, Lacedaemonians were alike limited by the type of partnership they were in, where each member had an equal vote. The group had to reach a consensus before they could act, while Athens made decisions and her allies followed. Pericles foresaw that the Peloponnesian League members in their war decisions would press for their own well-being instead of the common bully.Therefore, when Athens would attack one of the allies of Sparta, Spartans would be put in a position where they had to choose to either to protect their allies and abandon the attack on Athens, or to continue the attack without support. That was the strategy of Pericles to defeat Lacedaemonians and their allies. By remaining in the city and conducting naval warfare, Athens would eventually reach a favorable outcome against the Spartans. Additionally, for as long as they abstained from new conquest during the war and unploughed their allies wi th them they had a good chance in winning the war.Following the death of Pericles in 429 B. C. the Athenian strategy for the war began to change. underground ambitions and interests in matters apparently quite foreign to the war, lead them into projects unjust both to themselves and to their allies, projects whose successes would only conduce to the honor and advantage of private persons, and whose failure entailed certain disaster on the country in the war. (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 126) Personal ambitions and interests were in many cases put before the common good.This change in the strategy was exhibited in many situations and the most prominent was the Sicilian campaign. It was not in Athens strategic interest to invade Sicily because the city was still struggling with enemies within their homeland. But, common good and the strategic interest of a polis were overshadowed by eloquent speeches of individuals who promised wealth and expansion of the Athenian Empire as the r esults of the expeditions. However, these expeditions proved to be more detrimental than serious to the city of Athens.The Sicilian campaign is the prime example of unnecessary expedition, which stemmed more from personal ambitions than overall interest of the city. Athens became involved in Sicily because of her alliance with Egesta, which was at war with Selinuntines. The Egestaeans called upon Athens to assist them in war not only because they signed an alliance and belonged to the same Ionian ethnic groups but also because of supposed danger that Syracusans the allies of Selinuntines posed to Athens. Egestaeans comportd Athenians that if they would not act Syracusans would take over Sicily and than would join the Peloponnesians in attacking Athens.The envoys from Athens were dispatched to survey the situation in Sicily and when they returned Athens decided to join the Egestaeans in the war against Selinuntines and Syracusans. Few Athenians questioned the decision of the counci l, however, among them was Nicias the general who was leading the expedition to Sicily. Nicias argued that the expedition to Sicily would bring Athens more enemies and more problems. Athens necessary to focus on the war with the Lacedaemonians and securing the empire they established and not to undertake new conquests. However, his arguments fell on deaf ears and Athens began to desex for the expedition.Over five thousands hoplites and one hundred triremes were dispatched from Athens to Sicily in 415 B. C. The goal of the expedition was simple, to capture Syracuse, however, Syracuse stood its ground and the Athenian generals requested more soldiers and ships from Athens. Even with the reinforcements, Athens was unable to gain advantage over the Syracusans. The results of the expedition were disastrous and not what the Athenians had expected. Syracuse and their allies, with the help of Spartans were able to stop and later annihilate the Athenians in Sicily.The Athenian failure in S icily reverberated across the Greek world, which led to more problems for the Athenians. With the news of the defeat, not only did the enemies of Athens become more emboldened to take actions against Athens but also the Athenian colonies began to repulse which caused Athens both economic and political problems. Athens source of strength came from her allies and colonies. They did not only come through Athens with money in a form of tribunes but also supplied her with resources such as wood, silver or food.The Athenian alliance system was set up in such a way that it required everyone to contribute money, ships or men. These contributions were then put to use in the war by Athens. The contributions kept on coming in for as long as Athens could control her allies, however when Athens began to engage in battles and started losing them, the allies revolted. The allies and colonies began to revolt because Athens could no longer proceed with forces against them. Additionally, the inter position by Athens created resentment among the allies and colonies. The allies no longer saw themselves as equals but as servants to Athens.When Lacedaemonians came through, their citys majority changed sides because they believed that would receive freedom from by siding with Sparta. The revolutions of allies in many cases were also due to the bad treatment by Athens. After engaging in campaigns, which did not bring back the desired result, Athens pressed her allies for more tribunes and contributions. The poleis which did not want to fix more eventually revolted, than Athens was forced to put down the revolutions with force, which alienated the allies even more. The revolts and losses of allies had a profound impact on Athenian war efforts.Not only did they require Athens to diverge manpower and resources away from the war but also Athens was cut of from tribunes, which they badly needed after the failure in Sicily. If you consent not to combine schemes of fresh conquest with th e conduct of the war, and will abstain willfully involving yourselves in other dangers, indeed, I am more afraid of our own blunders than of the enemys devices. (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 85) The leaders of Athens and majority of the Athenian populace did not take the advice of Pericles to heart.Witnessing the destruction of the countryside from inside the Long Walls, many Athenians became enraged with Pericless strategy. People like Cleon and Alcibiades who promulgated more offensive and daring plans in the war, became leaders. With their promises of wealth, glory and fame, they were able to persuade Athenians to engage in unneeded expeditions. However, these expeditions only drew the attention away of what was actually needed to end the war. Athens lost the Peloponnesian War because of her failure to follow Pericless strategy.Pericless strategy stressed the importance of navy and staying within ones walls which if was adhered to by the Athenians it would ultimately lead Athe ns towards a favorable outcome. However, personal ambitions and interest preceded the common good, which resulted in failed expeditions and policies. These disastrous expeditions in the end were compounded with revolts and losses of allies, which ultimately led to the Athenian downfall. Athens was no longer able to provide manpower and resources to continue the war and ultimately was taken over by Lacedaemonia.

A Brief History of English and American Literature Essay

The Norman conquest of England, in the 11th century, do a break in the natural growth of the face vocabulary and literature. The old English or AngloSaxon had been a purely Germanic speech, with a mixed grammar and a full set of inflections. For three nose candy age follo allureg the battle of Hastings. this native tongue was driven from the kings court and the courts of law, from parliament, school, and university. During all in all this time thither were two languages spoken in England. Norman French was the birthtongue of the upper classes and English of the lower. When the latter finally got the better in the struggle, and became, about the middle of the 14th century, the national speech of all England, it was no longer the English of King Alfred. It was a new language, a grammarless tongue, al almost altogether 12 stripped of its inflections. It had lost a half of its old lyric, and had filled their places with French equivalents.The Norman lawyers had introduced legal terms the ladies and courtiers, words of dress and courtesy. The knight had import the vocabulary of war and of the chase. The masterbuilders of the Norman castles and cathedrals contri plainlyed technical expressions proper to the architect and the ma give-and-take. The art of cooking was French. The naming of the living animals, ox, swine, sheep, deer, was left wing to the Saxon churl who had the herding of them, go the dressed meats, beef, pork, mutton, venison, received their baptism from the tabletalk of his Norman master. The four orders of begging friars, and especially the Franciscans or Gray Friars, introduced into England in 1224, became intermediaries between the high and the low. They went about sermon to the poor, and in their sermons they intermingled French with English. In their hands, too, was almost all the science of the day their medicine, botany, and astronomy displaced the old nomenclature of leechdom, wortcunning, and starcraft. And, finally, the translator s of French poems lots found it easier to shipping a foreign word bodily than to seek out a native synonym, particularly when the former supplied them with a rhyme.But the innovation reached even to the commonest words in everyday use, so that voice drove out steven, poor drove out earm, and color, use, and place made easily their footing beside hue, 13wont, and stead. A great part of the English words that were left were so changed in spelling and pronunciation as to be practically new. Chaucer stands, in check, middle(prenominal) between King Alfred and Alfred Tennyson, but his English differs vastly more from the formers than from the latters. To Chaucer AngloSaxon was as much a dead language as it is to us. The classical AngloSaxon, moreover, had been the Wessex dialect, spoken and written at Alfreds capital, Winchester. When the French had displaced this as the language of culture, there was no longer a kings English or any literary standard. The sources of new standard E nglish ar to be found in the East Midland, spoken in Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and adjacent shires.Here the old Anglian had been corrupted by the Danish settlers, and rapidly threw off its inflections when it became a spoken and no longer a written language, after the Conquest. The westerly Saxon, clinging more tenaciously to ancient forms, sunk into the position of a local dialect while the East Midland, spreading to London, Oxford, and Cambridge, became the literary English in which Chaucer wrote. The Normans brought in also new intellectual influences and new forms of literature. They were a cosmopolitan people, and they connected England with the continent. Lanfranc and Anselm, the branch two Norman archbishops of Canterbury, were learned and splendid prelates of a 14 character quite unkn throw to the AngloSaxons. They introduced the scho blend inic philosophy taught at the University of Paris, and the reformed discip business of the Norman abbeys.They bound the English Church more closely to Rome, and officered it with Normans. English bishops were take of their sees for illiteracy, and French abbots were set over monasteries of Saxon monks. Down to the middle of the 14th century the learned literature of England was mostly in Latin, and the polite literature in French. English did not at any time altogether cease to be a written language, but the extant remains of the period from 1066 to 1200 are few and, with one exception, unimportant. After 1200 English came more and more into written use, but mainly in translations, paraphrases, and imitations of French works. The native genius was at school, and followed awkwardly. The AngloSaxon poetry, for example, had been rhythmical and alliterative. It was commonly written in lines containing four rhythmical accents and with three of the accented syllables alliterating.R_este hine th r_mheort r_ced hlifadeG_ep and g_ldfh, gst inne swf. be him then the greathearted the hall toweredRoomy and gold bright, the guest slept within.This rude energetic verse the Saxon scp had sung to his harp or gleebeam, dwelling on the 15 emphatic syllables, passing swiftly over the others which were of undetermined number and position in the line. It was now displaced by the undisturbed metrical verse with rhymed endings, which the French introduced and which our modern poets use, a verse fitted to be recited rather than sung. The old English alliterative verse continued, indeed, in free-and-easy use to the 16th century. But it was linked to a forgotten literature and an obsolete dialect, and was doomed to give way. Chaucer lent his great authority to the more modern verse system, and his own literary models and inspirers were all foreign, French or Italian. Literature in England began to be at once more English and truly national in the hands of Chaucer and his contemporaries, but it was the literature of a nation cut off from its own past by three centuries of foreign rule.The most notewor thy English document of the 11th and 12th centuries was the continuation of the AngloSaxon chronicle. Copies of these annals, differing somewhat among themselves, had been kept at the monasteries in Winchester, Abingdon, Worcester, and elsewhere. The yearly entries were mostly brief, dry records of passing events, though now and again they become full and animated. The fen country of Cambridge and Lincolnshire was a region of monasteries. Here were the great abbeys of Peterborough and Croyland and Ely minster. One of the earliest English songs tells how the savage heart of the Danish 16 king Cnut was softened by the singing of the monks in Ely.Merie sungen muneches binnen ElyTha Cnut chyning reu ther byRoweth, cnihtes, noer the land,And here we thes muneches sang.It was among the dikes and marshes of this fen country that the bold outlaw Hereward, the last of the English, held out for some years against the conqueror. And it was here, in the rich abbey of Burch or Peterborough, the ancient Medeshamstede (meadowhomestead) that the chronicle was continued for nearly a century after the Conquest, breaking off abruptly in 1154, the date of King Stephens death. Peterborough had received a new Norman abbot, Turold, a very stern man, and the entry in the chronicle for 1170 tells how Hereward and his gang, with his Danish backers, thereupon plundered the abbey of its treasures, which were first removed to Ely, and then carried off by the Danish fleet and sunk, lost, or squandered. The English in the later portions of this Peterborough chronicle becomes gradually more modern, and falls past more and more from the strict grammatical standards of the classical AngloSaxon.It is a most valuable historical monument, and some passages of it are written with great vividness, notably the vignette of William the Conqueror put down in the year of his death (1086) by one who had looked upon him and at another time dwelt in his court. 17 He who was in the lead a rich king, and lord of many a land, he had not then of all his land but a piece of seven feet. . . . alike he was a very stark man and a terrible, so that one durst do nothing against his will. . . . Among other things is not to be forgotten the good peace that he made in this land, so that a man might fare over his kingdom with his bosom full of gold unhurt. He set up a great deer preserve, and he laid laws therewith that whoso should slay hart or hind, he should be blinded. As greatly did he love the tall deer as if he were their father.With the discontinuance of the Peterborough annals, English record written in English prose ceased for three hundred years. The wind of the nations story was kept up in Latin chronicles, compiled by writers partly of English and partly of Norman descent. The earliest of these, such as Ordericus Vitalis, Simeon ofDurham, Henry of Huntingdon, and William of Malmesbury, were contemporary with the later entries of the Saxon chronicle. The last of them, Matthew of Westminster, finished his work in 1273. About 1300 Robert, a monk of Gloucester, composed a chronicle in English verse, following in the main the authority of the Latin chronicles, and he was succeeded by other rhyming chroniclers in the 14th century. In the hands of these the original history of the Saxon times was overlaid with an everincreasing mass of fable and fable.All real knowledge of the period 18 dwindled away until in Capgraves Chronicle of England, written in prose in 146364, barely any thing of it is left. In history as in literature the English had forgotten their past, and had dark to foreign sources. It is noteworthy that Shakspere, who borrowed his subjects and his heroes sometimes from authentic English history, sometimes from the legendary history of ancient Britain, Denmark,and Scotland, as in Lear, Hamlet, and Macbeth, ignores the Saxon period altogether. And Spenser, who gives in his blurb book of the Faerie Queene, a resum of the reigns of fabulous Britis h kingsthe supposed ancestors of Queen Elizabeth, his royal patronhas nothing to say of the real kings of early England.So exclusively had the true record faded away that it made no appeal to the imaginations of our most patriotic poets. The Saxon Alfred had been dethroned by the British Arthur, and the conquered cheat had imposed their mistaken genealogies upon the dynasty of the conquerors. In the Roman de Rou, a verse chronicle of the dukes of Normandy, written by the Norman Wace, it is related that at the battle of Hastings the French jongleur, Taillefer, spurred out onwards the van of Williams army, tossing his lance in the air and chanting of Charlemagne and of Roland, of Oliver and the peers who died at Roncesvals. This incident is prophetic of the victory which Norman song, no less than Norman arms, was to win over England. The lines which Taillefer 19 sang were from the Chanson de Roland, the oldest and best of the French hero sagas.The heathen Northmen, who had ravaged the coasts of France in the 10th century, had become in the course of one hundred and fifty years, completely identified with the French. They had accepted Christianity, intermarried with the native women, and forgotten their own Norse tongue. The race thus formed was the most brilliant in Europe. The warlike, swaggering spirit of the vikings mingled in its blood with the French nimbleness of wit and fondness for display. The Normans were a nation of knightserrant, with a passion for prowess and for courtesy. Their architecture was at once strong and graceful. Their women were skilled in embroidery, a splendid sample of which is preserved in the famous Bayeux tapestry, in which the conquerors wife, Matilda, and the ladies of her court wrought the history of the Conquest.This national taste for decoration expressed itself not only in the ceremonious pomp of feast and chase and tourney, but likewise in literature. The most characteristic contribution of the Normans to English poetry were the metrical romances or chivalry tales. These were sung or recited by the minstrels, who were among the retainers of every great feudal baron, or by the jongleurs, who wandered from court to castle. There is a whole literature of these romans d aventure in the AngloNorman dialect of French. Many of them are 20 very longoften thirty, forty, or fifty thousand lineswritten sometimes in a strophic form, sometimes in long Alexandrines, but commonly in the short, eight syllabic rhyming couplet. Numbers of them were turned into English verse in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries.The translations were usually inferior to the originals. The French trouvere (finder or poet) told his story in a on-keyforward, prosaic fashion, omitting no details in the action and unrolling endless descriptions of dresses, trappings, gardens, etc. He invented plots and situations full of fine possibilities by which later poets have profited, but his own handling of them was feeble and prolix. Yet there was a simplicity about the old French language and a certain elegance and delicacy in the diction of the trouveres which the rude, unformed English failed to catch. The heroes of these romances were of various climes Guy of Warwick, and Richard the Lion Heart of England, Havelok the Dane, Sir Troilus of Troy, Charlemagne, and Alexander. But, strangely enough, the favorite hero of English romance was that mythical Arthur of Britain, whom Welsh legend had celebrated as the most formidable enemy of the Sassenach invaders and their victor in twelve great battles. The language and literature of the ancient Cymry or Welsh had made no impression on their AngloSaxon conquerors.There are a few Welsh borrowings in the English speech, such as bard and druid but in the old AngloSaxon literature there are 21 no more traces of British song and story than if the two races had been sundered by the naval instead of being borderers for over six hundred years. But the Welsh had their own national tra ditions, and after the Norman Conquest these were set free from the isolation of their Celtic tongue and, in an indirect form, entered into the general literature of Europe. The French came into contact with the old British literature in two places in the Welsh marches in England and in the province of Brittany in France, where the population is of Cymric race and spoke, and still to some extent speaks, a Cymric dialect akin to the Welsh.About 1140 Geoffrey of Monmouth, a Benedictine monk, seemingly of Welsh descent, who lived at the court of Henry the First and became afterward bishop of St. Asaph, produced in Latin a socalled Historia Britonum in which it was told how Brutus, the great grandson of Aeneas, came to Britain, and founded there his kingdom called after him, and his city of New Troy (Troynovant) on the site of the later London. An air of historic gravity was given to this tissue of Welsh legends by an exact chronology and the genealogy of theBritish kings, and the auth or referred, as his authority, to an imaginary Welsh book given him, as he said, by a certain Walter, archdeacon of Oxford. Here appeared that line of fabulous British princes which has become so familiar to modern readers in the plays of Shakspere and the poems of Tennyson Lear and his 22 three daughters Cymbeline, Gorboduc, the subject of the earliest regular English tragedy, composed by Sackville and acted in 1562 Locrine and his Queen Gwendolen, and his daughter Sabrina, who gave her name to the river Severn, was made immortal by an exquisite song in Miltons Comus, and became the heroine of the tragedy of Locrine, once attributed to Shakspere and above all, Arthur, the son of Uther Pendragon, and the founder of the Table Round.In 1155 Wace, the author of the Roman de Rou, turned Geoffreys work into a French poem entitled Brut d Angleterre, dry being a Welsh word meaning chronicle. About the year 1200 Waces poem was Englished by Layamon, a priest of Arley Regis, on the border p our out of Severn. Layamons Brut is in thirty thousand lines, partly alliterative and partly rhymed, but written in pure Saxon English with hardly any French words. The style is rude but vigorous, and, at times, highly imaginative. Wace had amplified Geoffreys chronicle somewhat, but Layamon made much larger additions, derived, no doubt, from legends reliable on the Welsh border.In particular the story of Arthur grew in his hands into something like fullness. He tells of the enchantments of Merlin, the wizard of the unfaithfulness of Arthurs queen,Guenever and the treachery of his nephew, Modred. His narration of the last great battle between Arthur and Modred of the wounding of the kingfifteen fiendly wounds he had, one might in the least 23 three gloves thrust and of the critical boat with two women therein, wonderly dight, which came to bear him away to Avalun and the Queen Argante, sheenest of all elves, whence he shall come again, according to Merlins prophecy, to rule the Br itons all this left little, in essentials, for Tennyson to add in his Death of Arthur. This new material for fiction was eagerly seized upon by the Norman romancers. The story of Arthur drew to itself other stories which were afloat.

Silence: Silence: a Thirteenth-Century French Romance

The generator begins Silence by calling himself Master Heldris of Cornwall and saying his wish not to maintain his work spread among wealthy people who dont know how to appreciate it. He refers to them as the kind of people, which clearly shows his controvert attitude toward those who he describes as prize m unrivaledy more than honor, or want to hear everything but do not care to progress a man happy with some reward they might wish to give.The phrase at the beginning of the work, or before I begin to tell my story are repeated three times throughout the opening unmatchable at the start, one at the center, and one at the end repair before the writer starts telling the story. This, together with strong words such as command, request, repeatedly reminds the readers of the writers demand to preserve his work and of his deep hatred toward greedy people. The writers strong feeling against avaricious manpower is expressed clearly I feel tremendously compelled, stung, goaded into ta lking about this, and It bothers me terribly.Several different negative words and phrases are also used to depict those people throughout the text greedy, nasty, petty, fools, intoxicated with Avarice, those hateful men. He tells problems relating to those people from the perspective of a poet serve them well, as if they were your acquire then you will be most welcome, judge a fine minstrel, well-received, or very bad cheer and a sour face, thats what youll unendingly get from them when you ask for something. The bitterness in each sentence and the clear descriptions shows that the writer seems to have experienced those problems himself.He disgusts greedy people and views them as pathetic creatures that have a dreadful life as they try to pile up wealth and yet afraid of losing it a man afraid is not at peace he is miserable and ill at ease. Wealth only makes a man mean-spirited and makes him toil without profit. All he does is soil himself Greedy men rob creation of all pleasure , and lost their trust in everyone, even their own wives he doesnt want her spend any of it, for one missing penny would mar the perfection of those thousands marks he lost sleep over.The writer emphasizes that owning property does not make life easier nor brings one any joy and festivity if one do not know how to use and share it wisely lost sleep, ill, miserable, meager. Capitalizing Avarice, the writer refer to Avarice as a dangerous goddess who traps fools in her maze of wealth, let them honor her as their sovereign lady and wet concur, but betrays them, leaves them drunk and intoxicated and driven to disgrace themselves. While hating those fools, the writer is seriously concerned and cry O greedy people, alas las . He repeatedly refer to the locked away wealth as disgrace, shame, and even a dirty substance dung. Comparing unused wealth and dung, he further devalues property at least dung enriches the soils, while greedy men abuse this earthy life and enclosed their courts with shame forever. dung is often referred to as dirty and worthless, yet it has a function that benefits the planet, while wealth, often related to luxuriousness and enjoyment, neither brings comfort to its owner nor influence the world positively at all.Several comparisons are also used near the end of the opening to address the same point assets are worth less than spread out just as wheat is worth more than weeds, rose more than daisy, goshawk more than falcon more than buzzard, good wine than standing(prenominal) water, bittern than magpie, and most of all honest pauperization is of greater worth than a thousand marks without joys and festivity. The comparisons start from small plants to birds to the main subjects honest poverty versus useless wealth.This proves that wealth and greed are inferior and shameful, while praises generosity as superior and honorable. At the end of the opening, after all the hatred has been expressed, the writer says he now can begin his story withou t a lot of fuss and bother. Since the overall theme of the story relate to property and the problems relating to the right to own it, it appears that the writer does not just simply tell us his feeling toward greed and wealth but his main goal is to prepare us with a basic background of the story.The transition from the opening to the story is thus smoother. The story begins with the description of King Evan as a wise king who keep peace in his land and apply strict rules to control his people. What King Evan has is wealth, power and respect so obviously troubles are unavoidable. This obviously connects to the theme mentioned in the opening, therefore, readers can catch up with the story more easily.

Sociology Film Analysis over Tim Wise “White Like Me.”

White like Me The film, White Like me is presented by designer Tim Wise. I believe Tims main purpose for this film is to explain how white privilege damages people of color more than society is wiz to believe. Also how damaging it can be to white people as well and how racial privilege shapes the lives and outcome of most colored Americans when it comes to institutions such as education, employment, housing, criminal justice, and health motorcare. When it comes to prejudices, discrimination and segregation of minoritys and blacks in the U. S. , I believe the cause is racial profiling.For example, Wise talks about how black and Hispanic males are three quantify more likely than white males to eat up their cars stopped and searched for do drugss even though white males are four and an half times more likely to actually have drugs on them when they are stopped by police officers. Wise also asked law enforcement officers Whats the first affair you conceptualise when you see a young black or Latino male driving a nice car in your neighborhood? the officers responded, drug dealer. Then Wise asks again, Whats the first thing you think when you see a young white male driving the same type of car in the same neighborhood? and the officers responded, Spoiled little rich kid, daddy probably bought him a car. The fact that these officers base their decisions on an individuals escape or ethnicity in whether to engage in enforcement is racial profiling. Wise continues to talk about The Fair Housing Act, which was passed in 1968 only the highest number of discrimination complaints base on race was in 2006, 38 years later. Wise brings up a point about how the media often reports individual hate crimes but seldom do they report on systematic and institutionalized injustice, for example, between 1991 and 2000, there were almost one million black people in the U.S. who died because of insufficient healthcare, but it never received any media coverage. When wise says ins ufficient healthcare he refers to colored people being moved to areas with bad incomes and living near nocent toxics and if they had only been white and living in a suburban area they would have not died. According to wise, the average white family in America has 12 times the accumulated net worth of the average African American family, and eight time the accumulated net worth of the average Latino family. I believe Tim Wise main idea for this film is to let America now that racism is still alive today and is not something of the past. It is an issue we should think about every day and not pretend that it doesnt exist. Also that white denial is a very real term and whites are in fact in denial about being judgmental towards other races to a point where it can affect colored peoples full-bodied hood. I personally thought the speech was very well-articulated and thought-provoking. He showed examples of institutionalized racism such as housing inequalities and gives a bit of the hist ory of what he called White Privilege. I found it interesting how he showed the housing discrimination that occurs among minorities. Walking away from this film I feel like Ive acquire the importance of racial awareness and try to remember that racism is in fact still around today. Reference page Wise, Tim. Why whites think blacks have no problems. White Like Me. (2001) n. page. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. .

What Role Does Language and Language Diversity Play in the Critical Thinking Process?

Language is one of the greatest tools for people. Through languages we are able to communicate with different people through our sadness, joy, anger and confusion. When thither are two people, it is inevitable that our lines volition cross and how it resolves depends on communication. Language friends us organize what we wish to tell the different person. When we dont receive the language well enough, we experience difficulty in understanding each other. Furthermore, it is widely held that knowing more language widens our understanding of our experiences.Part of the reason is because when you ascertain new languages, you learn the culture that comes with it. For example, we rousenot fully learn the Korean language without know in the culture. In the learning procedure, we must learn the culture inwardly the language itself. We also need to be aware that some words do not translate to other language. In that case, we have to think critically on how we could describe in the b est way to communicate. As we do that, we acquire more skill in communicating to another, such as considering what the other person might be experiencing.Language and language diversity play a big part in organizing, summarizing, and most principal(prenominal)ly responding to the whole process of critical thinking. In critical thinking, communication is the outcome and language obviously is a big part of communication. Communication requires understanding. As I introduced, language is designed so that we can communicate for understanding what and how we feel. Using visual language such as gestures, signs, and pictures also helps with the process of understanding. Interestingly, words have ambiguous meanings found on the different contexts.It is genuinely important to be able to recognize the context in which the word is used in order that there will be clear critical thinking. I believe that language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts, however I also know that we h ave emotions that are very difficult to describe. With a lack of vocabulary, we can have a very difficult time in expressing our true thoughts and feelings. Language is made so that we can communicate our emotions within ourselves, and if it is difficult to deliver that precise message, it has the power to enhance or limit the expression of our thoughts.For instance, if I was to speak with a person who speaks a different language, it will be difficult to deliver the a clear message because of the language barrier. The only thing that could help in the situation is the individual(prenominal) knowledge of the language. If we know the multiple meanings of words and the background of the person you are speaking to, we probably could define terms carefully and position our words correctly. fine thinking could be the most important role in process of persuasion.First, we have to examine and evaluate the situation from several different points of view in order to establish our opinion. T his is very similar to the step of selection in critical thinking. Then, we need to collect the source that supports the opinion. This will help greatly when summarizing the conclusion. In the next step, critical thinking will be used again as we need to realize the importance of understanding the issues. One of the most important aspects that we need to be aware of in persuasion is to understand what the other person is thinking for the purpose of better persuasion.Lastly, we need to summarize the game plan, in other words, how you will present according to the opinion and logical analysis with relevant sources. As I describe this step by step, I am convinced that critical thinking holds a crucial role in persuasion. It is essential to be aware of the power of language. It allows us to communicate and understand to travel in our society. Knowledge will also be passed on through language, and when you combine that knowledge with critical thinking, it will widen your understanding t o be able to communicate with different people.When language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts, we need to think critically to seek for the words that might be able to tell the other person what you really feel. Lastly, persuasion can be interfered by the emotions. We need to maintain within critical thinking to be able to analyze logically. If we do not use the language properly, it will cause misunderstanding, hurt, and damages through communications. However, if we know how to use it right and have the better knowledge and understanding, it will help to make this world to a better place.

Structuralism

Structuralism originated in the morphologic linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and the subsequent Prague and Moscow schools of linguistics. 1 Just as structural linguistics was facing serious challenges from the likes of Noam Chomsky and thus fading in importance in linguistics, structuralism appeared in academia in the second half of the twentieth century and grew to become one of the most popular approaches in academic fields concerned with the analysis of language, culture, and society.The structuralist mode of reasoning has been applied in a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, psychology, literary criticism, and architecture. The most famous thinkers associated with structuralism include the linguist Roman Jakobson, the anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, the philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser, and the literary critic Roland Barthes. 1 As an intellectual movement, structur alism came to take existentialisms pedestal in 1960s France. 2 Structuralism argues that a specific domain of culture may be understood by means of a expressionmodelled on languagethat is distinct both(prenominal) from the organisations of reality and those of ideas or the imaginationthe third order.In Lacans psychoanalytic theory, for example, the structural order of the Symbolic is distinguished both from the Real and the Imaginary similarly, in Althussers Marxist theory, the structural order of the capitalist mode of production is distinct both from the actual, real agents involved in its relations and from the ideological forms in which those relations are understood. According to Alison Assiter, four ideas are common to the various forms of structuralism. First, that a structure determines the position of each element of a whole.Second, that every system has a structure. Third, structural laws deal with co-existence rather than change. Fourth, structures are the real things t hat lie beneath the pop out or the appearance of meaning. 4 In the 1970s, structuralism was criticised for its rigidity and ahistoricism. Despite this, many of structuralisms proponents, such as Jacques Lacan, continue to assert an influence on continental philosophical system and many of the fundamental assumptions of some of structuralisms critics (who have been associated with post-structuralism) are a continuation of structuralism. 2

Discuss Steinbeck’s presentation of The American dream in Of Mice And Men Essay

George and lennie deficiency to recreate happier succession I could build a smoke house deal the one grandpa had this shows they want to recreate on that point childhood when they were safe and cosyA claw of paradise with lots of food a cosy lifeWhen we kill a pig we lav smoke the bacon and the hams and make sausagesSo they can eat some rich fresh succulent magnetic core whenever they want itBetter working conditions not getting canned not working if they didnt want toNo one could can us an if we arrogatetSteinbecks language shows the day-dream wont come true because he uses alliteration to slow down your reading and by the panache curleys married woman neck clicks there is no more sound as if the universe came to a massive stand stillAs soon as he says stop the first time its like running into a brick wall as if its just like boom dead annihilate no way out to late and no more American dreamland indeed followed by the second as if that was the rest of the wall boxing him in as to seal his fate as lennie says i didnt want to hurt you but georgell be mad if you go yelling and then as it dawns on him of what his actions make I done a bad thing I done another bad thing this leaving the reader feeling sorry for lennie as he is a bit simple as if in his head he is still a kid in a full grown mans body .And as Steinbeck writes the end of chapter five his spoken language showing how dysphoric / depressed and scared for lennie candy is poor bastard and emphasizing how quiet the barn is as if close himself had walked and lingered in the darkened corners of the barn as the darkness appears in as if a symbolic distinguish of finis hovering the ranch with his scythe waiting to collect his crop.Candy crys because when he finds curlys wife dead because he knows that it was lennie and that curly is going to kill lennie when he finds out he will quest down lennie like a hound chasing a rabbit homing in waiting for the death blow and after lennies gone s o adopt George and candies dream and as this starts to hit him he starts to solicitude about his friends and there future .George talks to lennie about the dream before he shoots him so lennies mollify and happy not distressed , panicky and depressed so his last moment is one of his front-runner memoriesGeorge decides to go and to shoot lennie so that he can make lennie happy and calm before he is executed rather than lennie upset and crying at the hand of curly just so that lennie can be happy and glad before he is shot which is in reality good it must administer a lot of courage to shoot a friendIts a shame really been as they nearly had the finance to buy there dream place with all the three of there coin put together had enough to place the deal on the houseSteinbeck shows that something will go wrong at the end as he got the title for this novel from a poem by the Scottish writer Mr. Robert burns the poem goes like thisThe best laid schemes o mice an men lot aft agleyAn leare us nought but grief an painFor promised joyIn other words the plans of mice and men often go ugly and leave nothing but grief and pain when it was promised to gain us joy.The story is set back just after the cowboy/bandit era a time were movies were quite and woman were even more soIts set about two friends who drop dead together and stop off at ranches to do some work before they move on to earn enough money to support there American dream which is that when they have enough money to buy a ranch they saw for 600 American dollars and then they could live of the fat of the land and everything would be perfect an if we didnt like the guy we just say get out and wed have a spare room and if a friend came by wed say why dont you stay the night and by god he wouldSteinbecks idea of the American dream is basically that the dream can only be reached by the wealthy and unavailable to the poor and dreamful

Analysis of Madame Bovary Essay

In his premier(prenominal) gear paragraph Barthes uses Balzacs Sarrasines castrato char performanceers inner voice to examine whos actually doing the talking in a written work, since in that respect are layers of meaning in the identity deep d profess the particular quote. One of my favorite aspects of post-modernist literature is its playfulness with the effect of seedship and recursive identity inwardly a given work. John Barths Giles Goat Boy, a favorite and seminal work for me, starts with a forward deliberately attempting to put the reasonship of the book into question (it is supposedly a discovered ms of debatable origin).But Barthes claim We shall never know (the spring), for the good reason that writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin. Its a good point in a theoretical course, same the idea within Information Theory that the maximum amount of information that roll in the hay be carried is with exsanguine noise (which by the way, is tho a single construct within Information Theory, necessary to grade other constructs on the formation of information within a signal).However, contending that we can never know, and that the text exists in a negative oblique musculus quadriceps femoris where everything slips away accepts at odds with the practical reality that if the precedent and the causalitys creative sensory faculty wasnt in that respect, the text would non exist in the first place. One could allow that Barthes point of visual sense is suggestive and not absolute, or that it promotes a point of catch up with to help shade meanings on traditional critical methods, entirely hes constantly photograph himself into corners with absolute statements.He doesnt qualify his point of view to contemporary authorship, or stock-still to the author as a modern figure emerging from the middle ages. He states that No doubt it (the spillage of identity of the author in a negative oblique space) has always been th is way, that as shortly as narration occurs the author enters into his own death. Barthes claims that the author is a modern construct that emerges from the center field Ages, implying that before that time authorship was assumed by a mediator, shaman or performer, and not orgasm from genius.But what ab out the ancient Hellenic Tragidians, comparable Aeschylus, or Roman pornographers, like Patronius and his Satyricon? As a form, the novel may be modern but not the author nor the notion of a genius within the author. Barthes makes a valid and important point that Capitalisms relationship with the author is as a unmatched commodifiable object. It make me think of the profoundly capitalist notion of branding, as in the Mickey Mouse brand to Walt Disney. Its also reasonable to place classical criticism at the service of Capitalism, which provides an excellent motive for placing the branded author at the center of a critical go on.And is it arrange to see a creative work as exis ting solely in the context of the author, even to the extent of not placing the content of the work outside of the context of the authors personal life sentence up to that point. It makes sense that some authors take a crap become recluses, like Salinger and Pynchon, who prefer to let their work stand on its own. In fact the notion of a creative work standing on its own is what strikes me to be the appropriate post-modernist attitude to take regarding a creative work relative to its creator, and as an approach does not require the destruction of the author.Barthes states that it goes without saying that certain writers have long since attempted to loosen the rock of the Author. No doubt, but if you put down the validity of the author as a creative center, whizz who both brings works into the world from some unconscious(p) place of genius as I believe, or out of a tissue of signs or quotations and a mosaic of other activated texts or drawn from an huge dictionary as Barthes contends, you still dont have to kill off the creator.Who constructed the tissue of signs or the mosaic or read the immense dictionary to begin with? Even Mallarmes intensely see and word-based poetry (though I must confess to not having read it) is based in language as a kind of meta language, Mallarme still had to create it, even if Mallarme makes deliberate efforts to remove himself from the writing of it.According to Barthes, Valery approached his prose with the notion that his interiority, or creative genius or authorship, was pure superstition. Fine, he can believe that. Id like to see Valery prove it. The mere attempt to compile a series of voice communication, to become a scriptor as Barthes puts it, the mere attempt in itself is a creative act by a unique individual, and not by a scriptor snatching bits from a pre-existing dictionary without any personal intervention.Barthes takes on Proust as proof somehow that by the self-referential and recursive institution of the au thor within the book working up to writing the book, that by blurring the realities of authorship and narrative of authorship, one can assume the actual author has in some semiotic sense committed suicide, when in fact Proust has only played off an idea, like a jazz rift, and has not actually dissolved himself. Barthes includes Surrealistic texts as further proof of non-authorship, with aleatoric and unconscious techniques of construction.But again, where did the technique of construction come from if not from a creative place within the author? Surrealists are in effect trapped in a paradox that the subversion of codes is in itself a code (and Barthes believes in the indestructibility of codes) but it in nowise removes the destroyer of the code from a creative act through a destructive one. Barthes puts up linguistics as providing a sort of finish offous appliance for deconstructing the author out of the text it examines.That the un-provable, and therefore empty, process of word ing exhausts the notion of an I within a text, reducing it to no more than an instance of saying I. Fine, great, so? If I have a tool, say a microscope, and I use it to examine the surface of Michelangelos incomplete Prisoner Statues in Florence, and I get a very interesting take on the chisel marks prescience and flow and intersections, have I therefore negated Michelangelo? Even if you add on top of that Michelangelos mechanical press that he was merely releasing the character from within the stone, Michelangelos creative force is still there.Barthes contends that by removing the Author from the text, or even taking text from which the scriptor has removed themselves, that it utterly transforms the text. And here I agree, and I agree that the tools of post modern deconstruction and linguistics do transform our understanding of what text can mean and how it can be received in a critical context, and even in a personal one. It is intellectually interesting to remove the author an d his/her existence as conjoined in time and see the scriptor as coming into existence at the moment of reading, and to consider the writing as organism what the linguist J.L. Austin calls a Performative Utterance (an act of utterance that does not report a fact, but is an action in and of itself). But contending that the performative utterance, activated by a hand trapped in the phenomena of follow behind reality by a few microseconds, traces a field without origin or if there is an origin the language itself negates it by ceaselessly calling it into question, is interesting as a point of view only for about the few microseconds that my sensory information to my mind lags behind reality.This isnt about the removal of the author so much as it is contending that even if an author exists, they merely inscribe and dont create, since the language they inscribe is self-referentially self canceling. Barthes says We know now that text is not a line of words releasing a single theological meaning (the message of the author god) but a multi-dimensional space in which a variety of writings, none of them original, blend and clash. The text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the uncounted centres of culture. Fine.Interesting, even revelatory in its point of view that there is nothing new under the insolate (which is not something new under the sun). But is not this assembled mosaic of texts assembled by someone? And how is it that the act of meeting place is tacitly a non-creative act, and an act that does not come from genius. Barthes uses Bouvard and Pecuchet, characters from the same titled book by Flaubert, who try and move from a non-creative life as copyists to a creative one as farmers and linchpin to copyists from a dictionary which Flaubert himself wrote before the book was created, as another example of non-authorness.But it again strikes me as ironic that these are characters, created by Flaubert. Its interestingly recursive, but not self-canceling as B arthes contends. He includes Baudelaires internal fictional unfailing dictionary in Paradis Atrificiels to exemplify the scriptors self-removal from emotions and passive reading of an immense dictionary from which life never does more than imitate the book, and the book itself is only a tissue of signs, an imitation that is lost, infinitely deferred A tissue of signs perhaps, but lost and infinitely deferred?If an author/scriptor is a mere copyist set up a tissue of signs, how then is the author/scriptor lost and infinitely deferred from the readers interaction with the text. If I read a text I am creating meaning from that text, but I am also aware that there is a creative force behind my created meaning, irrespective of my created meaning, and that is the author. Barthes seems to contend that all agency or way must be transferred to the text, or language, itself.Some, like Graham Allen in his book Intertextuality claim that Barthes does not murder all forms of Authorial agency (my italics) and to take it as such is a misinterpretation but he does, over and over. When he says writing is the destruction of every voice, of every point of origin, the whole of enunciation is an empty process, the text is henceforth made and read in such a way that at all levels the author is absent, the text is not a line of words releasing a single theological meaning, but a multidimensional space, the writer can only imitate a gesture that is always anterior, never original. Barthes says To give a text an author is to oblige a limit on that text, to furnish it with a final signified, to close the writing. How so? I am unconvinced. If, as he claims, criticism has allotted itself the task of discovering the author beneath the work, how does that impose a limit on the text? A critic may, like Barthes, impose whatever they like, but in no way does that limit me to my own creation of meaning from a given text. Does the act of analysis destroy flexibility of meaning in a creati ve work? Only if you give the author of the analysis a God-like power over all other interpretations.Here I agree with Barthes in not granting that power, but it raises the paradox that by agreeing too heartily, Im also negating Barthes existence as the author of Death of the Author. So I choose to limit my giving over of power to the author, but I dont see the need to kill him or her. In Barthes conclusion, he ironically refers to Greek Tragedys texts which carrying double meanings understood by the characters within the play in only a unilateral way, and with the viewer/listener/reader able to perceive the layers of meaning from outside the play.This reveals to Barthes the totality of the existence of writing a tissue of signs, drawn from many texts, a multiplicity centre in one place in the reader. True enough, but to say the author is not a part of that focused multiplicity is nonsense. A texts unity lies in its destination as he says, but not at the cost of its origin. That Cl assic criticism has never paid any attention to the reader may be true enough, but recognizing the reader doesnt obviate the writer. I contend we dont have to throw out the author/baby when we throw out the bathwater of classic criticism.Barthes newly-birthed reader can sleep together quite nicely with its older sibling, the author. or has really achieved. Has it thrown off the yoke of capitalist political theory? Has it done anything to progress society? Has it overthrown the old elites and liberated the vast horde of readers? No quite the contrary. When the author is dead, the reader is king, or rather, the individual, free-floating consumer is king. The quality of a work of art is therefore determined by the name of people who consume it in other words, by commercialise forces.Artists must cater their work to market realities, and a whole swathe of nominally left commentators cheer them on those artists who pursue their singular, uncommercial peck are condemned as elitist or worse. The trend launched by the Death of the Author has been against self-expression in art, and in party favor of pandering to the dollar and to the lowest common denominator. Its a perfect example of the dead end and cunning of 60s radicalism. The author is dead, long live the free market Deconstructing Authorship 2010 DeathofTheAuthor. com

Business Ethics Dilemma

The Internet right away is a major resource and tool for many people. Computers have been around since the 1950s. However, the popularity of computers didnt allow in off until the 1990s. Many businesses today market, promote, and have their own website. This is important as it serves as lane of business to promote their products, sell their services to their customers, and continuously inform the public on their performance. The Internet withal provides various search engines in 2011 with popular search engines such as Yahoo, MSN, Google, and newer search engines such as (Microsoft) Bing.This paper will ssummarize and analyze the respectable dilemma between Google and (Microsoft) Bing search engines. In addition, discuss why the behavior is wrong and the impact it has on the organization. It will also include the theory of ethics that explains the unethical behavior and suggest ways to improve the behavior to avoid the problems in the future. Internet When did the Internet gal vanize? Back in the early 1960s, ARPANET was created by many sophisticated engineers, computer scientists, and mathematicians.The ARPANET design allowed computers to connect, browse on different operating systems, and without ARPANET, the Internet wouldnt look or behave the way it does today, it may non even exist. As technology advanced technicians began making advancements with combing the ARPANET network to the Satellite Network (SATNET). The good term for the connection between the networks is inter-networking or better known today for many as the Internet. In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee developed a system designed to simplify navigation on the Internet which became known as the World Wide Web.As the years went by, and as the technology advanced so did the internet search engines. Microsofts integral scale entry into the browser, server, and Internet Service Provider market completed the major shift everyplace to a commercially establish Internet. Google vs. (Microsoft) Bing On February 3rd, 2011 the Harvard Business Review has reported that, Google has sparked a media uproar by alleging that Bing copies Google results and Bing unequivocally has denied it. According to the name, when white plaguers search instruction through the Bing toolbar the users browser sends information to Microsoft to collect information, track information and watch to analyze behavior patterns. The Harvard Business Review article also has reported the following, Google staged a setup for gibberish search terms Google made up which caused the search engine to serve up random pages Google selected arbitrarily. Then Google told its employees to run Google searches for these gibberish terms, and to click the fake results Google had inserted.The employees did this on computers running the Bing Toolbar and IE Related Sites, so their click patterns were sent to Microsoft just as Microsofts seclusion policy and other disclosures said they would be. Microsoft used this data to improv e its search results to present in Bing results the tie in these users seemed to favor, again just as Microsoft said it would. Google is making an allegation that (Microsoft) Bing has copied their search results process through the use of the toolbar functionality.According to the Harvard Business Review article, Microsoft received user permission for these observations and information about users click patterns is users information not Googles. In a post at WebmasterWorld, Googles Matt Cutts, wrote as follows, Its my personal, unofficial belief that using toolbar data in the future to augment our crawl is not only a good idea, besides specifically allowed by the original policies we posted. Ethical DilemmaThe dilemma here is that Google is not practicing in an ethical manner as their organization is making an allegation that Bing is infringing on their toolbar process and tracking user patterns is not appropriate. Based on the Harvard Business review Matt Cutts further said A good idea, when using this method but now that Microsoft uses this very approach, suddenly Google argues its improper. Microsoft Bing has the same right to use this method to track information and based on the Google Toolbar Privacy Policy it is disclosed that Google reserves the right to track and use pattern information to enhance their search engine.Conclusion Based on the information in the Harvard Business Review article, Google has violated the ethical code of customer confidence. This is due the fact that Google is operating in the same fashion as Bing by monitoring activity searches through its toolbar portal to enhance the information that it is displayed through their website. This affects the employees of Google because the corporation is making a false claim, and this may leave a negative feeling with employees because the organization may not be completely clear with it s full disclosure policies.Google could have been prevented these false claims by having an internal respect team conduct research and with their findings could have advised Google on a better approach to court competition efforts from (Microsoft) Bing. This reinforces the purpose of having a code of ethics within an organization and that every employee of all levels abides by it.ReferencesInternet. (2011). When did it start. (2011). Retrieved on February the 6th, 2011 from http//computer. howstuffworks. om/internet/basics/internet-start. htm Harvard Business Review. (2011). Google Policy. (2011). Retrieved on February 6th, 2011, from http//www. webmasterworld. com/forum80/21-1-30. htm Internet. (2011). Internet History. (2011). Retrieved on February 6th, 2011, from http//www. walthowe. com/navnet/history. html Ethical Dilemma. (2011). Google vs. Bing. (2011). Retrieved on February 6th, 2011 from http//www. businessweek. com/managing/content/feb2011/ca2011024_853469. htm

International Management Research Paper Essay

Assessing the EnvironmentAs we look to memorize our act upon, internationalist Jean Company, into the ever expanding planetary occupation, its important that we choose locations that argon release to fit our fabricates. This location selection rump non just be random, nor can it be d maven hastily. Our epoch learning how to be International Managers suck in taught us that whole through c beful research into many disciplines resembling the Environment, the Geography and Climate, the Culture, and converse, can we really have the randomness necessary to make an informed decision. Therefore, we began to look at Denmark, and extensively researched the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that lay before us here.Denmark is a small country with a population of just over 5 million inhabitants. It has achieved a curious degree of economic success over the last 50 historic period or so. With gross domestic product per school principal of around $56,000 the coun try values fifth in the world and ahead of both Japan and Germany in footing of purchasing power. This remarkable economic success has been achieved by the Danes thanks, in no small measure, to their pragmatic bank line style.(1) According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, it has the most efficient distri exception system, the best labor regulations, and the second highest GDP per person. According to Forbes.com, Denmark is the best country to do stemma in. The danish pastry economys mix of number singlely inflation and imprint unemployment along with emphasis on entrepreneurship and lower taxes make Denmark an attractive union to business investors and entrepreneurs. These qualities combined with high marks for innovation and technological savvy lift Denmark to the top of the business world. Denmark is a country that is filled with many small and medium sized, independently owned businesses.Comp atomic number 18d to the rest of the European Union, Denmark has a significantly less amount of life-size corporations, with the exception of Spain. They ar known for their top quality intersection standards. danish pastry companies tend to concentrate on highly specialized products with a high margin business and rely more than than on product innovation and design instead of improvements in production technology and price competitiveness. Many small and medium sized companies ar able to have study understand over their market beca mapping they base themselves in small towns and rely on relationships with the community. This makes it difficult for large corporations to take their market manage. Although Denmark has a significant amount of independent businesses that support its economy, it is highly dependent on exotic trade and international cooperation.Denmark is made up of a highly developed infrastructure, an advanced telecommunications system and a considerably-educated and stable workforce. Throughout all relevant levels of t he workforce, English is spoken and written at an exceptionally ripe(p) level. This is a very beneficial factor to the role that Denmark plays in the spheric market. Geographically, Denmark is in the perfect position for international trade. It is in the center of the Scandinavian countries and has easy access to the Northern and Eastern European countries. International surveys utter that Denmark has top ratings in transportation, in all modes, energy, communications, and distri saveion systems.It is also highly rated in product quality, organizational quality, customer relations, credibility, and affectionate responsibility. Denmarks jural system is very exchangeable to those of a nonher(prenominal) European countries. Foreign business men may find some difficulty in legalities ascribable to the practice session of civil law system and statutory law. Unlike the common law system practise in countries such as the US, the danish courts are not limited to the strict lett ering of the law, but instead the purpose of the statute. This interpretation is also applied to private agreements. Compared to other countries, lobbying of the government is not as common and not as organized as in other countries.Usually, trade bodies impart reach up issues to the government instead of somebody persons or companies. The most common forms of companies used in Denmark are Public Limited Companies and Private Limited Companies. Denmark is known for having a high tax rate although when victorious to account other costs of doing business (wages, benefits, cost of living, etc.) it balances out. The Danish tax regime relies heavily on direct taxes, such as taxes from labor, but there is little to no dependence on verificatory taxes, such as social security and contributions from employers.Managing InterdependenceDenmark is a significant player in the global market when it comes to social responsibility and ethics. It has the lowest rate of corruption of any other c ountries in the European Union. It also has very strict government regulations and very beneficial reasons to be socially perpetrateworthy. Since the 1970s, Danish environmental law has developed as part of public, private and European Community law. The National Agency for environmental Protection, the National Forest and Nature Agency and the Department of Planning all make up the Ministry of the Environment. The have local and regional councils which are elected by the public and are responsible for environmental and provision procedures that conform to local wishes. Denmark is one of the few countries that have several kinds of green fees and green taxes. This is to motivate companies to use cleaner technologies, resource management, and/or environmental audit and management schemes.In 2008, Danish parliament passed a bill that forces large corporations to composition on their corporate social responsibility (CSR) on their annual report. The Danish companies that have engage d in CSR have reported that it has had a positive effect on the companies. They necessitate that while it is flexible, it does bring up some legal burdens on them. It is the belief of the Danish government that the legal requirement marks the starting point for increased reporting on CSR, and in the forthcoming years the government intends to encourage progress and improvement of Danish businesses CSR work and reporting. Upon this laws implementation, 1100 companies were required to report CSR on their beside annual reports. According to the 2009 reports, 89% of the required companies complied and 3% did not comply (8% complied by default because of creation a subsidiary of a company that complied). The most common form of CSR among Danish companies related to environmental and climate issues.According to International Management, by Helen Deresky, Denmark is tied for the number one spot for the country with the least(prenominal) amount of corruption. This is because the Danish culture has a much more direct approach to business practices. They favor propagateness and honesty, which sometimes seems rude to outside(prenominal)ers. It is clear to see that Denmark is ahead of roughly all other countries in being Socially Responsible and having sound business ethics. For a rising company, redeeming(prenominal) ethics and social responsibility can be a make-it or break-it issue for a company. In one aspect, these issues can cost the company money. When just beginning, you should try to get your costs to be as low as possible. On the other hand, being viewed as an ethical company and by being socially responsible you improve the image and branding of the company.That leave alone give the public a better perception of the company and can increase the demand for your product. Fortunately, in Denmark, only large companies are legally required to report their activities relating to social responsibility. While it would be a smart choice to make, not having to spend money on social responsibility during the beginning phases of the company leave allow ease for penetrating the market and give allow us to be more socially responsible in the future. Overall, Denmarks cost of doing business is about the same, if not lower than other countries, and the benefits of doing business in that country are much more significant. As long as our company helps locals and abides by their cultures and their rules, then the company should be very successful. sagacity the Role of CultureBefore we can truly envision starting our business in Denmark, we need to understand the culture of the area. The viability of the economy, the labor market, the work environment, are all crucial to our success overseas. Taking the time to build a cultural profile of Denmark can help International Jean understand how to passage our business, and our expatriates to a very new experience.We begin our cultural profile by looking at the brass and Economic systems of Denmark. The politics of Denmark could best be described as a Social Democracy though they do have a constitutional monarchy, like England it is a mostly ceremonial position. Elections occur egalitarianally, similar to the coupled States without the Electoral College, which leads to a more direct representation of democracy. There are very low levels of corruption, not just in Denmark but in the entirety of the surrounding Nordic countries.As furthermost as picking a market to operate out of, Denmark is a very excellent selection. Denmark has a prosperous, well-developed mixed market economy, ranking 16th in the world in terms of GDP (PPP) per capita. They use the Nordic Model, which is a version of what is traditionally called a welfare state The Nordic Model differs from other welfare states with an emphasis on maximizing labor force participation, promoting wage and gender equality, and a large amount of wealth distribution. A so called welfare state goes hand in hand with wealth dis tribution, citizens can count on monetary support during periods of unemployment and on welfare. The redistribution of wealth goes towards many societal needs, which will be explained further.Furthering supporting our transition, Denmark features low barriers to free trade, as well as little product market regulation. In fact, according to OECD rankings, Denmark has one of the highest ratings as far as product market freedom is concerned. We will be able to easily enter into this market, and will have a hole of freedom in regards to product selection, as well as advertising and marketing. This plays into the next few sections of our cultural profile family relationship and attitudes towards leisure and recreation.Denmark, similar to most of the Nordic region, is one of the most liberal nations in Europe. They have an open attitude towards sex, nudity, and freedom of expression. As you walk around cities in Denmark, you can find advertising that features risqu situations, and leve l(p) cursing. The mountain of Denmark tend to have a darker sense of humor than what were acclimated to here in the United States, and often find ways to poke fun even at traditionally somber topics like death. Though we should be careful of how we utilize humor, both in our advertisements and in our work environment. Though good natured, citizens here tend to intensely dislike any joking at the expense of Denmark and its culture, particularly from outsiders. They are very proud of their country, and their family units reflect this.Families in Denmark are traditionally tight, well-knit units, who enjoy a good quality of life. They tend to live a relaxed lifestyle with a focus on family and friends. Bicycles are one of the predominant ways to travel around, especially in sizeableger cities like Copenhagen. We come to a big difference in the midst of the United States and Denmark, in terms of the attitude towards work. Whereas most Americans work to live, in Denmark the opposite is true. The Danish are taught from an early age to choose a profession that they would enjoy working, as opposed to a job taken out of financial necessity.This is reflected on Denmarks scores in G.L.O.B.E/ Hofstede cultural dimension rankings in masculinity, which are very low, as well as doubtfulness Avoidance also being low. This is partly due to the fact that most of the labor market is a part of Trade Unions, as of 2008 Denmark had 67.6% labor union density. There is a partnership between employers, trade unions and the government, whereby these social partners negotiate the terms to regulating the workplace among themselves, rather than the terms being imposed by law. As we transition, we will need to make contact with these unions, and work closely with them to come up with rules and regulations for International Jeans that work for the native population.Another workplace difference is in the amount of work per week and the spend time allotted. The Danish work an average of 3 7 hours a week, generally calling it a twenty-four hours around 4pm local time. Expatriates should be made informed that the Danish are not impressed with managers that work 50-60 hours a week. As mentioned previously, they believe in a balance between work and life, and would view those who worked well more hours to be less efficient at their jobs. In the United States, there are no laws concerning p encourage vacations or time off. To contrast, in Denmark paid time off is actually mandated by law. The Danish usually receive a minimum of 5 weeks of vacation, plus national holidays. These are factors we need to consider when hiring local workers.Other characteristics of the Danish work environment include high job mobility, as employees and managers are encouraged to take risks and make decisions that a more conservative American manager might not make. In general, Danish company activities are less structured and less formal, which is reflected again by the low score in the Unce rtainty Avoidance category. There is a low level of Assertiveness on the Hofstede scale, as the strength of unions and the desire of the Danish to care about their work come together to make a highly productive and group oriented workplace. We would do well to hire a lot of local talent immediately.We mentioned the large amount of wealth distribution earlier. Denmark ranks highly on the Collectivism scale. macrocosm a social welfare economy, much of that money is poured into both the Educational system as well as Healthcare. The Danish education system provides access to primary school, secondary school and higher education. entirely university education in Denmark is free there are no tuition fees to enroll in courses. Danish universities and other higher education institutions offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognized making in Denmark, and many classes are taught in English. Our company should take advantage of this when l ooking to hire.In summing up to free education, there is also Universal Healthcare for all Danish citizens, paid primarily by taxes. Denmark spends 9.8% of GDP on healthcare. The life expectancy in Denmark is 78.6 years, and there is one doctor for every 294 persons in Denmark. It should be noted, that these social services also leads to a high tax rate for Danish citizens, hovering in effect(p) 48-49%Communicating Across CulturesAs we work towards bringing International Jean Co. to Denmark, we need to be aware of the similarities and differences in the way our two countries communicate. The characteristics of that communication, and the interplay between American expatriates and Danish locals will determine how well our new company will function as an overseas entity. We will begin by looking at native diction, as well as the amount of English saturation in Denmark.The native language of Denmark is Danish, with other regional languages such as Faroese, Greenlandic, and German of ficially recognized. In selecting expatriates, we should look to be choosing managers that are able to chat Danish, or willing to quickly learn. However, we shouldnt feel like the ability to babble out the language is mandatory for expatriates. One of the great aspects of setting up our business in Denmark is that there is a very high proportion of Danish citizens who speak English. In the educational system, it is taught as the primary foreign language. English will be spoken and written well by all relevant levels of the workforce. This is further demonstrated by the fact that many commercials and advertisements, as well as trademarks, are used nowadays in Denmark without translation.The people of Denmark are, generally language, friendly but blunt in their speech with one another. Concerning Hofstede dimensions, they rank very highly in the Humane category. They tend to shy away from confrontation, so our expatriates are way out to need to tread softly when it comes to momen t of direct communication regarding mistakes or problems. Direct debate is encouraged, but keeping confrontational phrasing out of it is important.The Danish tend to be very plain speaking when communicating, which can be mistaken for rudeness in other cultures. Our managers need to be aware of this, so they know that they arent necessarily being insulted when talking about work issues. Like the United States, Denmark is a low-context culture. They tend to be direct and explicit when communicating among one another, and tend not to rely on non- literal communication. They prefer to have direct conversations, either by phone or face-to-face, though increasingly more electronic communication has taken over.Also like the United States, Denmark is also considered a low-contact culture. They prefer a minimum of an arms length of personal space, and do not enjoy overly hard-hitting physical contact. Body language is very restricted, which can make interpreting responses and feedback diff icult.Time is another major factor that we as Americans have in common with Denmark. The Danish follow a monochronic time system, which is more linear in structure as compared to polychronic time. Those practicing monochromic time, such as the Danish, tend to complete tasks one at a time as well as adhere to a stricter schedule. We also share similar views on proxemics, or proximity. The Danish see larger offices and more space as pensive of having more power and esteem. The United States and Denmark have a surprising amount of similarities in how we communicate, both in regards to interpersonal communication as well as in a work environment. This should greatly aid International Jean Co. in a smooth transition from the United States to Denmark.Cross-Cultural Negotiation and closing MakingThe Negotiation ProcessDanish people of business are usually very see in interacting and doing business with visitors from other cultures. They pride themselves on their Danish culture and tend to sometimes not be very open to information or assistance from the outside. Similar to many other countries, people of Denmark shake hands upon meeting. This is also the case when departing. It is good to familiarize yourself with the Danish culture before going in full steam. The Danish official language resembles Swedish and Norwegian, and shares a few commonalities with German, but DO NOT remark or even assume that they are similar.Most businessmen and women in Denmark speak English well, but it is recommended to stay away from using jargon and slang. Danes like to leave space between themselves when interacting, so be aware of others personal space and try not to be likewise touchy-feely. They usually speak in quiet, gentle tones and interrupting is considered rude. Danes usually do not openly show their emotions. Come well prepared The Danes are meticulous when it comes to analyzing information and proposals. Know your information and bring in copies for your Danish counterpa rt to examine. Everything should be well organized and do not steer off topic straight and to the point.Business relationships are often only fairly important in the country, and are typically not a needed requirement for initial business interactions. Just like your goal is to get to know ones contacts in a host country and build mutual trust before embarking on business discussion and transaction, your counterpart is also trying to learn about you. Danes are cautious and appear to be reserved and proceed slow. Once the trust is well known, there will be a sense of allegiance to you as a jimmyed business partner. Denmark is a democratic and understanding country. It can be cohesive to criticize other people or systems. Bosses are judge to be team leaders rather than private decision-makers. In the countrys business culture, the respect a person takes pleasure in depends mainly on his or her achievements. Well-liked personal traits include individual initiative, knowledge, and exp ertise.To the Danes, negotiation is a joint problem solving process and the buyer and seller in a deal are equal partners. The primary negotiation style is cooperative and they believe in the pattern win-win. It is strongly advisable to avoid any open disagreement and to remain calm, friendly, patient, and determined. The Danish believe in information sharing as a way to build trust with their counterparts but this doesnt pixilated that they are going to say everything. A good part of the communication may be in writing, which Danes often prefer.They move through things rather quick and are less observant over detail. They get to to conclude negotiations quickly but this does not mean they will readily accept unfavorable terms. Danes do not like bargaining or haggling such that they do not appreciate hard-hitting sales techniques. They do prefer negotiating in a straightforward and honest style and may use pressure techniques. When persuading your counterpart avoid aggressive ta ctics and negotiating with the Danish. If confronted, they will not shy away, but this is almost guaranteed to deteriorate your bargaining position rather than strengthen it. It can also eliminate your relationship.Although a verbal agreement can be considered dorsum and will most likely be kept, do not consider them final. Only a contract that is signed by the two parties makes up a binding agreement. Written contracts are a serious matter in Denmark. It is best to keep them concise without including too many legalistic details. Signing the contract not only shows your commitment but a strong ratification of your Danish partners commitment also.Works CitedBrunson, Winnon Cultural Perspective A Year in Denmark 2008Danish Communication Styles 2012ET R I KBENHAVN FOLKESUNDHED OG KULTUR 2011The Monarchy today The Danish Monarchy 16, June 2012ETLA The Nordic ModelThe Nordic Model Nordic Labour Journal In Focus. 2001Business Negotiations in DenmarkBusiness Etiquette in DenmarkNegotiat ing International Business The treaters Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World Katz, Lothar. 2007Doing Business in Denmark Kroman, Reumart. 11 February, 2005.